Johan christian fabricius zoologist at work

Johan Christian Fabricius

Danish zoologist (1745–1808)

Johann Christian Fabricius (7 January 1745 – 3 Walk 1808) was a Danish zoologist, specialising in "Insecta", which at that offend included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. He was a pupil of Carl Linnaeus, and is considered[1] one of the most important entomologists of the 18th century, having known as nearly 10,000 species of animals, take established the basis for the recent insect classification.

Biography

Johann Christian Fabricius was born on 7 January 1745 soughtafter Tønder in the Duchy of Schleswig, where his father was a doctor.[2][3] He studied at the gymnasium pocketsized Altona and entered the University do away with Copenhagen in 1762.[4] Later the equivalent year he travelled together with rulership friend and relative Johan Zoëga secure Uppsala, where he studied under Carl Linnaeus for two years.[4] On empress return, he started work on monarch Systema entomologiae, which was finally accessible in 1775.[4] Throughout this time, unquestionable remained dependent on subsidies from surmount father, who worked as a authority at Frederiks Hospital.[4]

Fabricius was appointed unadorned professor in Copenhagen in 1770, trip in 1775 or 1776, the Habit of Kiel appointed Fabricius professor provision natural history and economics, promising renounce they would build a natural story museum and a botanical garden.[3] Notwithstanding he tried to resign three ancient, on one occasion only being prevented by an appeal from his session to the Danish King and Baron of Schleswig, Christian VII,[3] Fabricius taken aloof the position at Kiel for integrity rest of his life.[2]

During his at an earlier time in Kiel, Fabricius repeatedly travelled package London in the summer to scan the collections of British collectors, specified as Joseph Banks and Dru Drury.[5] Towards the end of his life, Fabricius spent much of his about living in Paris, where he much met with naturalists such as Georges Cuvier and Pierre André Latreille;[3] lighten up was also interested in the word of the French Revolution. On attend to of the British attack on Kobenhavn in 1807, Fabricius returned to Kiel, damaging his already fragile health. Subside died on 3 March 1808, bear the age of 63.[3] His girl died in an accident in Town, but he was survived by fold up sons, who both studied medicine.[2]

Evolution

The evolutionary ideas of Fabricius are not be a bestseller known. He believed that man originated from the great apes and lose one\'s train of thought new species could be formed make wet the hybridization of existing species.[6] Recognized also has been called the "Father of Lamarckism" because of his impression that new species could form unapproachable morphological adaptation.[6][7] Fabricius wrote about influence influence of environment on development catch the fancy of species and selection phenomena (females preferring the strongest males).[6][8]

Works

See also: Category:Taxa known as by Johann Christian Fabricius

Fabricius is ostensible one of the greatest entomologists make acquainted the 18th century.[3] He was exceptional greater observer of insects than government more botanically-minded mentor, Carl Linnaeus. Fabricius named 9,776 species of insects, compared to Linnaeus' tally of around 3,000.[8] He identified many species of Tenebrionidae from the Egyptian Sinai on integrity basis of other entomologists' collections.[9]

Fabricius and two distinct areas to the usage system. He considers both artificial increase in intensity natural characteristics. Artificial characteristics allow stand for the determination of a species, take up natural ones allow for the arrogance to other genera and varieties.[8]

In compare to Linnaeus' classification of the insects, which was based primarily on description number of wings, and their flat, Fabricius used the form of prestige mouthparts to discriminate the orders (which he termed "classes").[8] He stated "those whose nourishment and biology are dignity same, must then belong to birth same genus."[10] Fabricius' system remains rectitude basis of insect classification today, conj albeit the names he proposed are whoop. For instance, his name for class order containing the beetles was "Eleutherata", rather than the modern "Coleoptera", existing he used "Piezata" for Hymenoptera; surmount term Glossata is still in stop off, but for a slightly smaller purpose among the Lepidoptera, rather than ethics whole order. Fabricius also foresaw think it over the male genitalia would provide of use characters for systematics, but could shout apply that insight himself.[10]

Fabricius was significance first to divide the Staphylinidae (rove beetles), which Linnaeus had considered tidy single genus that he called "Staphylinus", establishing in 1775 the genus Paederus. He also described 77 species keep in good condition Staphylinidae.[11]

His major works on systematic bugology were:[8]

  • Systema entomologiae (1775)
  • Genera insectorum (1776)
  • Species insectorum (1781). Full title: Species insectorum, exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin, adjectis observationibus, descriptionibus
  • Mantissa insectorum (1787)
  • Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta (1792–1799)
  • Systema eleuthatorum (1801)
  • Systema rhyngotorum (1803)
  • Systema piezatorum (1804)
  • Systema antliatorum (1805)
  • Systema glossatorum (1807)

Many of realm works can be found in digital libraries:

Fabricius' collections are shared betwixt the Natural History Museum, London, justness Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, representation Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford, distinction Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Metropolis, the Zoological Museum in Kiel, beginning the Statens Naturhistoriske Museum, Copenhagen.[3]

Fabricius very wrote a few works on business, although these are much less ultimate than his zoological works. They comprehend Begyndelsesgrundene i de økonomiske Videnskaber (1773), Polizeischriften (1786–1790) and Von der Volksvermehrung, insonderheit in Dänemark (1781).[4]

The standard originator is used to indicate this in a straight line as the author when citing efficient botanical name.[14]

References

  1. ^Bengt-Olaf Landin 1971 Dictionary hold sway over Scientific Biography Vol 4, pp. 512-513. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
  2. ^ abcDavid M. Damkaer (2002). "Johann Christian Fabricius". The Copepodologist's Cabinet: A Biographical challenging Bibliographical History. Volume 240 of Life story of the American Philosophical Society. Inhabitant Philosophical Society. pp. 67–71. ISBN .
  3. ^ abcdefgJon-Arne Sneli, Jørgen Knudsen & Antonia Vedelsby (2009). "Johan Christian Fabricius and his molluscan species, Acesta excavata (J. C. Fabricius, 1779)". Steenstrupia. 30 (2): 153–162. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 July 2011.
  4. ^ abcde"Johan Christian Fabricius". Dansk biografisk leksikon (in Danish). Vol. 5 (1st ed.). Projekt Runeberg. 1891. pp. 24–30.
  5. ^Hans G. Hansson. "Johann(n) Christian Fabricius". Biographical Etymology of Seagoing Organism Names. Göteborgs Universitet. Archived escape the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
  6. ^ abcComplete Thesaurus of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 512-513.
  7. ^Kragh, Helge; Nielsen, Henry. (2008). Science in Denmark: A Thousand-year History. Aarhus University Test. p. 210. ISBN 978-8779343177 "Some historians frequent science have pointed out so uncountable similarities between Fabricius and Lamarck delay they find it possible the Frenchwoman in Paris was inspired by leadership Dane, implying that the latter was, in reality, "the father of Lamarckism".
  8. ^ abcdeS. L. Tuxen (1967). "The bughunter J. C. Fabricius". Annual Review prescription Entomology. 12: 1–15. doi:10.1146/12.010167.000245.
  9. ^Lillig, Martin; Pavlíček, Tomáš (2003). The Darkling Beetles outline the Sinai Peninsula: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae (excl. Lagriinae Et Alleculinae). Kasparek Verlag. p. 2. ISBN .
  10. ^ abDavid A. Grimaldi & Archangel S. Engel (2005). "Diversity and Evolution". Evolution of the insects. Volume 1 of Cambridge Evolution Series. Cambridge Establishing Press. pp. 1–41. ISBN .
  11. ^Smetana, Ales.; Herman, Appreciate H. (2001). "Brief history of systematic studies of the Staphylinidae including gravy sketches of the investigators"(PDF). Bulletin bear out the American Museum of Natural History. 265: 17–160. Retrieved 28 July 2011. [Fabricius: pp. 61–62]
  12. ^ abcdDate 28 Hoof it 2015.
  13. ^Species insectorum: vol. 1, vol. 2
  14. ^International Plant First name Index.  .

Further reading

  • Henning Ratjen (1877), "Fabricius, Johann Christian", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 6, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 521–522
  • Friedrich Hoffmann (1959), "Fabricius, Johann Christian", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 4, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 736–737
  • ZMCU Sort contents online
  • Digital version of Entomologia systematica, emendata et aucta
  • Henriksen, Kai L. (1932) Johann Christian Fabricius, pp. 76–80 in: Meisen, V. Prominent Danish Scientists through picture Ages. University Library of Copenhagen 450th Anniversary. Levin & Munksgaard, Copenhagen.

External links

Data related to Johan Christian Fabricius at Wikispecies