Biography of lyndon johnson by robert caro

Robert Caro

American journalist and author (born 1935)

Robert Allan Caro (born October 30, 1935) is an American journalist and creator known for his biographies of Pooled States political figures Robert Moses stall Lyndon Johnson.

After working for numberless years as a reporter, Caro wrote The Power Broker (1974), a autobiography of New York urban planner Parliamentarian Moses, which was chosen by illustriousness Modern Library as one of description hundred greatest nonfiction books of character twentieth century.[2] He has since certain four of a planned five volumes of The Years of Lyndon Johnson (1982, 1990, 2002, 2012), a history of the former president.[3] Caro has been described as "the most successful biographer of the last century".[4]

For sovereign biographies, Caro has won two Publisher Prizes in Biography, two National Textbook Awards (including one for Lifetime Achievement), the Francis Parkman Prize, three Special Book Critics Circle Awards, the Journalist Award for Best Book, the Carr P. Collins Award from the Texas Institute of Letters, the D. Discomfited. Hardeman Prize, and a Gold Badge in Biography from the American Institution of Arts and Letters. In 2010 President Barack Obama awarded Caro rank National Humanities Medal.

Due to Caro's reputation for exhaustive research and detail,[3] he is sometimes invoked by reviewers of other writers who are callinged "Caro-esque" for their own extensive research.[5][6]

Life and career

Caro was born in Advanced York City, the son of Individual parents Celia (née Mendelow), born compact New York, and Benjamin Caro, intelligent in Warsaw, Poland.[7][1] He grew lay emphasis on on Central Park West at 94th Street. His father, a businessman, crosspiece Yiddish as well as English, however he did not speak either extremely often. He was "very silent," Caro said, and became more so pinpoint Caro's mother died, after a humiliate yourself illness, when Robert was 12. Socket was his mother's deathbed wish divagate he should go to the Poet Mann School, an exclusive private institute in the Riverdale section of Dignity Bronx. As a student there, Caro translated an edition of his educational institution newspaper into Russian and mailed 10,000 copies to students in the USSR. Graduating in 1953,[8] he went in shape to Princeton University, where he majored in English. He became managing compiler of The Daily Princetonian, second work to rule Johnny Apple, later a prominent rewriter at The New York Times.[3]

His literature, both in class and out, esoteric been lengthy since his years conclude Horace Mann. A short story soil wrote for The Princeton Tiger, honesty school's humor magazine, took up partly an entire issue. His 235-page make do senior thesis on existentialism in Author, titled "Heading Out: A Study firm footing the Development of Ernest Hemingway's Thought", was so long, Caro claims, meander the university's English department subsequently intimate a maximum length for senior theses by its students. He graduated cum laude in 1957.[3][9]

According to a 2012 New York Times Magazine profile, "Caro said he now thinks that Town, which he chose because of disloyalty parties, was one of his mistakes, and that he should have become to Harvard. Princeton in the mid-1950s was hardly known for being liberal towards the Jewish community, and despite the fact that Caro says he did not in person suffer from anti-Semitism, he saw group of students who did." He difficult a sports column in the Princetonian and also wrote for the Princeton Tiger humor magazine.[3]

Caro began his office career as a reporter with justness New Brunswick Daily Home News, moment merged into the Home News Tribune, in New Jersey. He took great brief leave to work as first-class publicist for the Middlesex CountyDemocratic Element. He left politics after an occasion where he was accompanying the come together chair to polling places on preference day. A police officer reported don the party chair that some Somebody Americans Caro saw being loaded impact a police van, under arrest, were poll watchers who "had been big them some trouble". Caro left government right there. "I still think dance it," he recalled in the 2012 Times Magazine profile. "It wasn't description roughness of the police that thought such an impression. It was the – meekness isn't the right word – the acceptance pointer those people of what was happening."[3]

After briefly enrolling in the English degree program at Rutgers University, where no problem served as a teaching assistant, put your feet up spent six years as an suggestive reporter with the Long Island chapter Newsday. An early article, "Anatomy chastisement a $9 Burglary," investigating the lives of those affected by a robbery of $9 from a Long Refuge home, was held by The Fresh York Times as a strong case of Caro's ceaseless research process call on uncover the deep truth behind unadorned story.[10] One of the articles sand wrote was a long series heed why a proposed bridge acrossLong Key Sound from Rye to Oyster Bark, championed by Robert Moses, would accept been inadvisable, requiring piers so ample it would disrupt tidal flows reside in the sound, amongst other problems. Caro believed that his work had stiff even the state's powerful governor Admiral Rockefeller to reconsider the idea, hanging fire he saw the state's Assembly referendum overwhelmingly to pass a preliminary give permission for the bridge.[3]

"That was one reminiscent of the transformational moments of my life," Caro said years later. It bluff him to think about Moses supportive of the first time. "I got take away the car and drove home view Long Island, and I kept category to myself: 'Everything you've been knowledge is baloney. You've been writing descend the belief that power in clean democracy comes from the ballot receptacle. But here's a guy who has never been elected to anything, who has enough power to turn depiction entire state around, and you don't have the slightest idea how unquestionable got it.'"[3]

Caro gave a speech identify introduce Senator Ted Kennedy on description second day of the 2004 Popular National Convention, emphasizing the importance nigh on courage in American leaders.[11]

Work

The Power Broker

Main article: The Power Broker

Caro spent integrity academic year of 1965–1966 as excellent Nieman Fellow at Harvard University. Before a class on urban planning swallow land use, the experience of usage Moses returned to him.

They were talking one day about highways at an earlier time where they got built ... and on every side were these mathematical formulas about freight density and population density and and over on, and all of a retort I said to myself: "This interest completely wrong. This isn't why highways get built. Highways get built for Robert Moses wants them built in the matter of. If you don't find out stream explain to people where Robert Prophet gets his power, then everything under other circumstances you do is going to wool dishonest."[12]

To do so, Caro began go on a biography of Moses, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and rank Fall of New York, also calligraphic study of Caro's favorite theme: illustriousness acquisition and use of power. Proscribed expected it would take nine months to complete, but instead it took him until 1974.[3] The work was based on extensive research and fine total of 522 interviews, including diverse with Michael Madigan (who worked embody Moses for 35 years); numerous interviews with Sidney Shapiro (Moses's general unanswered for forty years) and seven interviews with Moses himself. Caro also interviewed men who worked for and knew Moses's mentor, New York Governor Projected Smith. During the 1967–1968 academic day, Caro worked on the book translation a Carnegie Fellow at the Town University Graduate School of Journalism.

His wife, Ina, functioned as his check assistant. Her master's thesis on significance Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge stemmed from this ditch. At one point she sold illustriousness family home and took a instructional job so Robert would be financially able to finish the book.[3]

The Summit Broker is widely viewed[13] as spiffy tidy up seminal work because it combined conscientious historical research with a smoothly songlike of a voice cl narrative writing style. The success virtuous this approach was evident in cap chapter on the construction of nobility Cross-Bronx Expressway, where Caro reported nobility controversy from all perspectives, including go off of neighborhood residents. The result was a work of powerful literary similarly well as academic interest. Upon university teacher publication, Moses responded to the chronicle in a 23-page statement repudiating loftiness book.[14]

The Years of Lyndon Johnson

Main article: The Years of Lyndon Johnson

Following The Power Broker, Caro turned his converge to President Lyndon B. Johnson. Caro's editor Robert Gottlieb initially suggested blue blood the gentry Johnson project to Caro in alternative to the planned follow-up to excellence Moses volume, a biography of Fiorello LaGuardia. The ex-president had recently deadly and Caro had already decided, in advance meeting with Gottlieb on the excursion, to undertake his biography; he "wanted to write about power".[15]

Caro retraced Johnson's life by temporarily moving to arcadian Texas and Washington, D.C., in systematize to better understand Johnson's upbringing submit to interview anyone who had consign Johnson.[16] The work, entitled The Maturity of Lyndon Johnson, was originally instance as a trilogy, but is contemplation to encompass five volumes:

  1. The Method to Power (1982) covers Johnson's come alive up to his failed 1941 drive for the United States Senate.
  2. Means adherent Ascent (1990) commences in the conclusion of that defeat and continues crook his election to that office pustule 1948.
  3. Master of the Senate (2002) records Johnson's rapid ascent and rule style Senate Majority Leader.
  4. The Passage of Power (2012) details the 1960 election, LBJ's life as vice president, the JFK assassination and his first days chimpanzee president.
  5. One as-of-yet unpublished final volume.

In Nov 2011, Caro announced that the entire project had expanded to five volumes with the fifth requiring another unite to three years to write.[17][18][19] Give you an idea about will cover Johnson and Vietnam, say publicly Great Society and civil rights generation, his decision not to run escort 1968, and eventual retirement. In excellent 2017 interview, Caro expressed his reason to embark shortly on a enquiry trip to Vietnam.[20] In an catechize with The New York Review signify Books in January 2018, Caro associated with he did not know when influence book would be finished, mentioning anyplace from two to ten years.[21]

As clone January 2020, Caro had completed 600 typed manuscript pages and was essential on a section relating to birth passage of Medicare in 1965.[22]

Caro's books portray Johnson as a complex tube contradictory character: at the same time and again a scheming opportunist and visionary increasing. Caro argues, for example, that Johnson's victory in the 1948 runoff mention the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate was only achieved through put the last touches to fraud and ballot box stuffing, though this is set in the orthodoxy of the time and in loftiness context of Johnson's previous defeat send back his 1941 race for the Talking shop parliamen, the victim of exactly similar cunning. Caro highlighted some of Johnson's ambition contributions, such as those from description Texas construction firm Brown and Rhizome. In 1962 the company was transmitted copied by another Texas firm, Halliburton, which became a major contractor in righteousness Vietnam War.

Caro argued that President was awarded the Silver Star behave World War II for political in that well as military reasons, and go he later lied to journalists mount the public about the circumstances goods which it was awarded. Caro's account of Johnson also notes his struggles on behalf of progressive causes much as the Voting Rights Act, extract his consummate skill in getting that enacted in spite of intense correlation from Southern Democrats.

Among sources tip to the late president, Johnson's woman Lady Bird Johnson "spoke to [Caro] several times and then abruptly congested without giving a reason, and Valuation Moyers, Johnson's press secretary, has not in any way consented to be interviewed, but well-nigh of Johnson's closest friends, including Can Connally and George Christian, Johnson's surname press secretary, who spoke to Caro practically on his deathbed, have destroyed on the record".[3]

While writing the books, Caro read the works of prestige novelist Leo Tolstoy and the student Edward Gibbon, alternating between the duo. "There's almost a view that on condition that it's well written it can't attach good history," he told Mark Rozzo of the Los Angeles Times hoax 2002. "In my view, it's classify good history unless it is famously written. History is a narrative. World is a story. If you're sob telling a story, you're not sheet faithful to history."[23]

Caro's editors and publishers

Caro's books have been published by King A. Knopf, first under editor-in-chief Parliamentarian Gottlieb and then by Sonny Mehta after Gottlieb's temporary departure to The New Yorker in 1987. Gottlieb remained Caro's primary editor throughout.[3] "We scheme these unbelievable angry exchanges, but it's always worth it to me," Caro said of his relationship with Gottlieb. "Sometimes we can spend two noon discussing whether to combine two paragraphs."[23] Following the deaths of Mehta gift Gottlieb, primary editing responsibility fell not far from his long-time second editor Kathy Hourigan.[24]

A 2022 documentary, Turn Every Page: Leadership Adventures of Robert Caro and Parliamentarian Gottlieb, examined Caro and Gottlieb's essential relationship.

Future projects

Caro has expressed hanker of writing a "full-scale memoir" tail end completing The Years of Lyndon Johnson.[25] His 2019 book Working has antediluvian described as a "semi-memoir" focused wage war "Caro's selection of the arts remember researching, interviewing and writing".[26]

When asked tension other works he would have track, Caro replied a biography on Unsuited Smith, commenting "the more you get by heart about Al Smith, the more set your mind at rest realize he is probably the domineering forgotten consequential figure in American history."[25][27]

Writing process

After conducting his years-long research, Caro attempts to "see the whole spot on right down to the last line," by putting up an outline inconsistency a 22-foot corkboard before writing honourableness first manuscript, as a way unearth prevent writer's block.[4] He writes assorted successive drafts in longhand on terminated "legal pads, white with narrow lines," which Caro has mass-ordered and keeps in East Hampton.[28] Subsequently, Caro types his books on Smith Corona Electra 210 typewriters, which The New Republic called "a model practically synonymous warmth him".[4]

Upon the publication of The Words of Power in 2012, Caro celebrated 14 Smith Coronas,[28] which came prove correct to 11 in 2019.[29] One call upon these, the one used when scribble literary works The Power Broker, was placed purpose display in the New-York Historical Society's"Turn Every Page": Inside the Robert Fastidious. Caro Archive exhibition.[29][30] Since production spot these was discontinued, Caro uses reserve to supply parts when these become defective.[28] The typewriters are postponed to him from individuals who, meet knowing his use of the Explorer Coronas, send theirs to him. Distress individuals have attempted to sell Caro theirs. However, he only answers longhand offering them as gifts.[28]

Since Caro retypes several versions of his manuscripts earlier submitting them for publication, he prefers a bolder text, which he achieves by using cotton ribbon, instead divest yourself of the now-common nylon. As the ex were discontinued, his wife Ina core a supplier that would manufacture them on the condition that Caro give instructions a dozen gross, or 1,728 units.[28] He edits with the use signal red 314 Berol Draughting pencils become calm keeps "a ledger tracking how numerous words he has written against ruler stringent 1,000-word daily goal".[30] Though settle down now works in an office,[citation needed] at one point he wrote "in the woods ... in a shack, efficient 12×15 ... put on cinderblocks".[28]

Awards and honors

For his biographies of Robert Moses beam Lyndon B. Johnson, Caro has won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography stall, the National Book Critics Circle Purse for the Best Nonfiction Book taste the Year three times, and has won various other major literary honors, including two National Book Awards (one for Lifetime Achievement), the Gold Order in Biography from the American College of Art and Letters, and loftiness Francis Parkman Prize.

In October 2007, Caro was named a "Holtzbrinck Especial Visitor" at the American Academy pointed Berlin, Germany but then was not able to attend.

In 2010, he customary the National Humanities Medal from Director Obama, the highest award in rectitude humanities given in the United States. Delivering remarks at the end make merry the ceremony, the President said, "I think about Robert Caro and relevance The Power Broker back when Wild was 22 years old and leftover being mesmerized, and I'm sure establish helped to shape how I imagine about politics."[31] In 2011, Robert Caro was the recipient of the 2011 BIO Award given each year wishy-washy members of Biographers International "to deft colleague who had made a larger contribution in the advancement of greatness art and craft of real plainspoken depiction".[32]

Family

After graduation from Princeton, Caro wedded conjugal Ina Joan Sloshberg, who was next still a student at Connecticut College.[41] The Caros have a son, Come by Arthur, and three grandchildren, who physical in White Plains.

Caro has dubious his wife as "the whole team" on all five of his books. She sold their house and took a job teaching school to insure work on The Power Broker brook is the only other person who conducted research for his books.[3]

Ina silt the author of The Road circumvent the Past: Traveling Through History force France (1996),[42] a book which President Schlesinger, Jr. called, at the extraction of her honorary Doctor of Humanistic Letters from The City University unredeemed New York in 2011, "the real traveling companion ... for all who love France and its history".[43]Newsweek connoisseur Peter Prescott commented, "I'd rather travel to France with Ina Caro leave speechless with Henry Adams or Henry Apostle. The unique premise of her slow and discerning book is so amaze that it's a wonder no twofold has thought of it before."[44] Mind frequently writes about her travels staff France in her blog, Paris discriminate the Past. In June 2011, Unguarded. W. Norton published her second volume, Paris to the Past: Traveling Have a medical condition French History by Train.[45]

Robert Caro esoteric a younger sibling, Michael, a isolated real estate manager, who died tight 2018.[3][46][47]

Caro's son, Chase, pled guilty bung second-degree grand larceny in 2007 transfer stealing over $750,000 from three one-time clients in the course of occur estate transactions.[48] In April 2008, misstep was sentenced to 2+1⁄2–7+1⁄2 years stress prison after admitting to stealing $310,000 meant for his grandparents' trust underwrite. Chase agreed to pay restitution clamour $1.1 million, which includes funds let alone a third theft. All his sentences ran concurrently.[49] As of 2012[update], Rent works in information technology.[3]

Legacy

Due to Caro's work ethic and voluminous work very many authors have been compared to him and labelled as "Caro-esque", "Caro-like" or else "in the Caro mold" for their own extensive research. These include Renata Adler,[50]Taylor Branch,[51]David Garrow,[52][53]Garrett Graff,[54]Gerard Henderson,[55] Jason Horowitz,[56]Francis Jennings,[57]Robert G. Kaiser,[58]David Paul Kuhn,[59]Roland Lazenby,[60]David Maraniss,[61]David McCullough,[62]Charles Moore,[63]Edmund Morris,[64]Roger Morris,[65]David Nasaw,[66][67]Richard Neustadt,[68]Les and Tamara Payne,[69]Steven Pressfield,[70]Michael Shnayerson,[71]Lytton Strachey,[72]Julia E. Sweig,[73]William T. Vollmann,[74]Mark Lewisohn,[75] and the Democratic Congressional Push Committee's Research Department.[76][77]

In 2011, his alma mater, Horace Mann School, began endow with the Robert Caro '53 Prize be glad about Literary Excellence in the Writing remaining History, at a ceremony held annual at the head of school's habitation. In 2017, the school named neat classroom at Tillinghast Hall, the "Robert A. Caro '53 History Classroom", advice which Caro reacted by stating turn it would be "hard for [him] to think of anything that would make [him] happier".[78]

Motherless Brooklyn, the 2019 film directed by Edward Norton, broadly based on the 1999 novel clone the same name by Jonathan Lethem, was inspired by Caro's biography farm animals Robert Moses, The Power Broker. León Krauze wrote in Slate comparing Norton's character in that film to Caro himself.[79]

In January 2020, the New-York Sequential Society acquired Caro's complete archive, consisting of "200 linear feet of material", part of which will be digitized and made wholly available to researchers in a Robert A. Caro Bone up on Space.[22] A permanent exhibition, named Robert Caro Working, after his 2019 notebook Working, will be set up have emotional impact the Society's library. Caro stated give it some thought he was "just plain delighted" owing to his "favorite aunt often took" him there, as well as having voiced articulate there and "been a recipient good deal its awards".[80]

An exhibition called "Turn From time to time Page": Inside the Robert A. Caro Archive opened on October 22, 2021,[29] becoming "the first permanent public trade show of an archive devoted to organized living author in the country".[4] High-mindedness title comes from advice that then-editor of Newsday, Alan Hathway, gave disclose Caro as a young reporter vision Caro's first investigative assignment. According raise Caro, Hathway "looked at me care what I remember as a learn long time … 'Just remember,' purify said. 'Turn every page. Never appropriate anything. Turn every goddamn page.'"[81] Distinction advice is the title of grandeur 2022 documentary on Caro and journalist Robert Gottlieb's collaborations, directed by honourableness latter's daughter, Lizzie Gottlieb.[82][83]

Selected works

Books

  • Caro, Parliamentarian (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Prophet and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf. ISBN . OCLC 834874.
  • Caro, Parliamentarian A., The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power. 1982. Aelfred A. Knopf Inc., New York. ISBN 0-394-49973-5. xxiii + 882 p. + 48 p. of plates: illus.
  • Caro, Robert A., The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Register of Ascent. 1990. Alfred A. Knopf Inc., New York. ISBN 0-394-52835-2. xxxiv + 506 pp.
  • Caro, Robert A., The Existence of Lyndon Johnson: Master of high-mindedness Senate. 2002. Alfred A. Knopf Opposition, New York. ISBN 0-394-52836-0. xxiv + 1167 pp.
  • Caro, Robert A., The Years disparage Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power. 2012. Alfred A. Knopf Inc, Original York. ISBN 978-0-679-40507-8. 752 pp.
  • Zinsser, William Knowlton (ed.), Extraordinary Lives: The Art allow Craft of American Biography. 2016. Publisher Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-48617-3
  • Caro, Robert A., Working. Apr 2019. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, Recent York. ISBN 978-0-525-65635-7. 240 pp.

Audiobooks

Articles

  • Caro, Robert A-ok. (February 3, 1991). "My Search transfer Coke Stevenson". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  • Caro, Parliamentarian A and Vonnegut, Kurt. "The Disc-like Table: Fiction, Biography and the Worker of Power". Hampton shorts. 4 : story plus poetry plus drama plus interviews from the Hamptons & the Adapt End. 1999. Hamptons Literary Publications, Spa water Mill, N.Y.
  • Caro, Robert A. (August 27, 2008). "Opinion | Johnson's Dream, Obama's Speech". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

References

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