Programa sa pamamahala ni ramon magsaysay biography

President of the Philippines from 1953 up to his death in 1957

"Magsaysay" redirects here. For other uses, examine Magsaysay (disambiguation).

In this Philippine name, position middle name or maternal family title is del Fierro and the surname comfort paternal family name is Magsaysay.

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.QSCGCGHKGEGCC (August 31, 1907 – Go by shanks`s pony 17, 1957) was a Filipino solon who served as the seventh Director of the Philippines, from December 30, 1953 until his death in demolish aircraft disaster on March 17, 1957. An automobile mechanic by profession, Magsaysay was appointed military governor of Zambales after his outstanding service as calligraphic guerrilla leader during the Pacific Combat. He then served two terms trade in Liberal Party congressman for Zambales's at-large district before being appointed Secretary intelligent National Defense by President Elpidio Quirino. He was elected president under picture banner of the Nacionalista Party. Unquestionable was the youngest to be as president, and second youngest correspond with be president (after Emilio Aguinaldo). Sharptasting was the first Philippine president in the blood in the 20th century and prestige first to be born after loftiness Spanishcolonial era.

Biography

Early life and education

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Indigene, Spanish, and Chinese^[3] descent, was innate in Iba, Zambales on August 31, 1907, to Exequiel de los City Magsaysay (April 18, 1874 in San Marcelino, Zambales – January 24, 1969 in Manila), a blacksmith, and Wager Quimson del Fierro (April 18, 1886 in Castillejos, Zambales – May 5, 1981 in Manila), a Chinese someone schoolteacher, nurse.^[4][3]

He spent his grade college life somewhere in Castillejos and wreath high school life at Zambales Institution in San Narciso, Zambales.^[5] After institute, Magsaysay entered the University of illustriousness Philippines in 1927,^[5] where he registered in a Mechanical Engineering course. Let go first worked as a chauffeur guideline support himself as he studied engineering; and later, he transferred to honourableness Institute of Commerce at José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) raid 1928 to 1932,^[5] where he old-fashioned a baccalaureate in commerce. He substantiate worked as an automobile mechanic fetch a bus company^[6] and shop managerial.

Career during World War II

At authority outbreak of World War II, pacify joined the motor pool of nobleness 31st Infantry Division of the Filipino Army.

When Bataan surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, by a hair\'s breadth evading Japanese arrest on at depth four occasions. There he organised picture Western Luzon Guerrilla Forces, and was commissioned captain on April 5, 1942. For three years, Magsaysay operated descend Col. Frank Merrill's famed guerrilla orderliness and saw action at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as a deliver officer codenamed Chow and later little commander of a 10,000-strong force.^[4]

Magsaysay was among those instrumental in clearing say publicly Zambales coast of the Japanese preceding to the landing of American prop together with the Philippine Commonwealth force on January 29, 1945.^{[citation needed]}

Family

He was married to Luz Rosauro Banzon application June 16, 1933, and they locked away three children: Teresita (1934–1979), Milagros (b. 1936) and Ramon Jr. (b. 1938).

Other Relatives

Several of Magsaysay's relatives became prominent public figures in their deterioration right:

• Ramon "Jun" Banzon Magsaysay Junior, son; former Congressman and Senator
• Francisco "Paco" Delgado Magsaysay, entrepreneur
• Genaro Magsaysay, brother; earlier Senator
• Vicente Magsaysay, nephew; Former Governor tension Zambales
• JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; actor, politician, flourishing businessman
• Antonio M. Diaz, nephew; Congressman presentday Assemblyman of Zambales
• Anita Magsaysay-Ho, cousin; painter

House of Representatives (1945–1950)

On April 22, 1946, Magsaysay, encouraged by his fellow ex-guerrillas, was elected under the Liberal Party^[1] to the Philippine House of Representatives. In 1948, President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to go to Washington, D.C. as Chairman of the Committee state Guerrilla Affairs, to help to win passage of the Rogers Veterans Valuation, giving benefits to Philippine veterans.^{[citation needed]} In the so-called "dirty election" treat 1949, he was re-elected to precise second term in the House endorse Representatives. During both terms, he was Chairman of the House National Provide for Committee.^{[citation needed]}

Secretary of National Defense (1950–1953)

In early August 1950, he offered Guide Elpidio Quirino a plan to take for granted the Communist guerrillas, using his details experiences in guerrilla warfare during Fake War II. After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was no another and appointed Magsaysay Secretary of Genealogical Defence in September 1950.^[7] He angry the campaign against the Hukbalahap resistance. This success was due in fabric to the unconventional methods he took up from a former advertising reign and CIA agent, Colonel Edward Lansdale. In the counterinsurgency the two make use of deployed soldiers distributing relief goods submit other forms of aid to farflung, provincial communities. Prior to Magsaysay's see as Defense Secretary, rural citizens professed the Philippine Army with apathy squeeze distrust. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced birth Army's image, earning them respect take admiration.^[8]

In June 1952, Magsaysay made simple goodwill tour to the United States and Mexico. He visited New Dynasty, Washington, D.C. (with a medical exam at Walter Reed Hospital) and Mexico City, where he spoke at illustriousness Annual Convention of Lions International.

By 1953, President Quirino thought the presage of the Huks was under caution and Secretary Magsaysay was becoming as well weak. Magsaysay met with interference tube obstruction from the President and her majesty advisers, in fears they might remedy unseated at the next presidential choosing. Although Magsaysay had at that central theme no intention to run, he was urged from many sides and lastly was convinced that the only breathe your last to continue his fight against collectivism, and for a government for leadership people, was to be elected principal, ousting the corrupt administration that, patent his opinion, had caused the sort of the communist guerrillas by wretched administration. He resigned his post primate defense secretary on February 28, 1953,^[9] and became the presidential candidate lady the Nacionalista Party,^[10] disputing the office with Senator Camilo Osías at justness Nacionalista national convention.

1951 Padilla incident

When news reached Magsaysay that monarch political ally Moises Padilla was establish tortured by men of provincial instructor Rafael Lacson, he rushed to Negros Occidental, but was too late. Significant was then informed that Padilla's thing was drenched in blood, pierced offspring fourteen bullets, and was positioned blame a police bench in the city plaza.^[11] Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's cadaver with his bare hands and unfasten it to the morgue, and ethics next day, news clips showed motion pictures of him doing so.^[12] Magsaysay collected used this event during his statesmanlike campaign in 1953.

The trial be drawn against Lacson started in January 1952; Magsaysay and his men presented enough strive to convict Lacson and his 26 men for murder.^[11] In August 1954, Judge Eduardo Enríquez ruled the joe public were guilty and Lacson, his 25 men and three other mayors be proper of Negros Occidental municipalities were condemned confront the electric chair.^[13]

Manila Railroad leadership

Magsaysay was also the general manager of justness Manila Railroad Company between October become more intense December 1951. His tenure later actuated him to modernize the rail operator's fleet after stepping into presidency. Smartness also set the first steps squash up building what has been the run out Cagayan Valley Railroad Extension project.^[14]

Main article: 1953 Philippine presidential election

Presidential elections were held on November 10, 1953, din in the Philippines. Incumbent President Elpidio Quirino lost his opportunity for a next full term as President of magnanimity Philippines to former Defense Secretary Magsaysay. His running mate, SenatorJosé Yulo gone to SenatorCarlos P. García. Vice PresidentFernando López did not run for re-election. This was the first time prowl an elected Philippine President did whoop come from the Senate. Moreover, Magsaysay began the practice in the Archipelago of "campaign jingles" during elections, choose one of his inclinations and hobbies was dancing. The jingles that were used during the election period was "Mambo Magsaysay"", "We Want Magsaysay", obscure "The Magsaysay Mambo"

The United States Authority, including the Central Intelligence Agency, confidential strong influence on the 1953 choosing, and candidates in the election deeply competed with each other for U.S. support.^[15][16]

See also: List of executive at once by Ramon Magsaysay

In the election pay no attention to 1953, Magsaysay was decisively elected numero uno over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. Explicit was sworn into office on Wed, December 30, 1953, at the Self-rule Grandstand in Manila.^[17] He was wearying the barong tagalog, a first via a Philippine President and a contributions that still continues up to that day. He was then called "Mambo Magsaysay". Also dressed in barong filipino was the elected vice-president Carlos Proprietor. Garcia.^[18] The oath of office was administered by Chief Justice of ethics Supreme Court of the PhilippinesRicardo Paras. For the first time, a Filipino president swore on the Bible pay a visit to an inauguration.^[19] He swore on join Bibles, from each parents' side.^[20]

As Chairperson, he was a close friend limit supporter of the United States survive a vocal spokesman against communism close the Cold War. He led distinction foundation of the Southeast Asia Go down with Organization, also known as the Off-white Pact of 1954, that aimed take in hand defeat communist-Marxist movements in Southeast Accumulation, South Asia and the Southwestern Quiet.

During his term, he made Malacañang literally a "house of the people", opening its gates to the universal. One example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard a spanking plane belonging to the Philippine Upset Force (PAF): President Magsaysay asked what the operating costs per hour were for that type of aircraft, authenticate wrote a personal check to leadership PAF, covering the cost of government flight. He restored the people's conviction in the military and in prestige government.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: Bill of cabinets of the Philippines § Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)

Domestic policies

Ushering a new era organize Philippine government, President Magsaysay placed eagerness upon service to the people get by without bringing the government closer to position former.^[2]

This was symbolically seen when, entrust inauguration day, President Magsaysay ordered interpretation gates of Malacañan Palace be unsealed to the general public, who were allowed to freely visit all endowments of the Palace complex. Later, that was regulated to allow weekly visitation.^[2]

True to his electoral promise, he composed the Presidential Complaints and Action Committee.^[2] This body immediately proceeded to hang on words grievances and recommend remedial action. Ready by soft-spoken, but active and stubborn, Manuel Manahan, this committee would realization to hear nearly 60,000 complaints unite a year, of which more fondle 30,000 would be settled by ancient action and a little more puzzle 25,000 would be referred to state agencies for appropriate follow-up. This fresh entity, composed of youthful personnel, border loyal to the President, proved undulation be a highly successful morale fiend restoring the people's confidence in their own government. He appointed Zotico "Tex" Paderanga Carrillo in 1953 as PCAC Chief for Mindanao and Sulu. Crystal-clear became a close friend to prestige president because of his charisma assess the common people of Mindanao.^{[citation needed]}

Zotico was a local journalist and elegant writer from a family on Camiguin, (then sub-province of Misamis Oriental), Zotico become a depository of complaints ray an eye of the president worry the region his diplomatic skills helped the government, moro and the rebels to learn the true situation deduce every city and municipalities. With her highness zero corruption mandate he recognized dinky turn of achievement of Zotico defer made him his compadre when Zotico named his fifth child after primacy President when he was elected make a purchase of 1953, even making the President godfather to the boy. Magsaysay personally visited Mindanao several times because of that friendship, becoming the first President put aside visit Camiguin, where he was amiably received by thousands of people who waited for his arrival.^[2]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land reform in the Philippines

To draw out and stabilize the functions of grandeur Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), President Magsaysay worked^[2] for the establishment of representation National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).^[2] This body took over from say publicly EDCOR and helped in the offering appearance some sixty-five thousand acres to several thousand indigent families for settlement purposes.^[2] Again, it allocated some other xxv thousand to a little more outstrip one thousand five hundred landless families, who subsequently became farmers.^[2]

As further reluctance to the rural people,^[2] the chairman established the Agricultural Credit and Helpful Financing Administration (ACCFA). The idea was for this entity to make allocate rural credits. Records show that unfilled did grant, in this wise, partly ten million dollars. This administration reason next devoted its attention to aiding marketing.^[2]

Along this line of help teach the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness the artesian healthy campaign. A group-movement known as rank Liberty Wells Association was formed with the addition of in record time managed to mobilize a considerable sum for the transcription of as many artesian wells whilst possible. The socio-economic value of position same could not be gainsaid skull the people were profuse in their gratitude.^[2]

Finally, vast irrigation projects, as come after as enhancement of the Ambuklao Capacity plant and other similar ones, went a long way towards bringing relate to reality the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.^[2]

President Magsaysay enacted representation following laws as part of enthrone Agrarian Reform Program:

• Republic Act Pollex all thumbs butte. 1160 of 1954 – Abolished loftiness LASEDECO and established the National Conveyance and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to displace dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees victualling arrangement home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.
• Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the relationship between landowners and occupant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law provided the protection of tenure of tenants. It besides created the Court of Agrarian Relations.
• Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Notify of 1955) – Created the Promontory Tenure Administration (LTA) which was staunch for the acquisition and distribution lecture large tenanted rice and corn belongings over 200 hectares for individuals mount 600 hectares for corporations.
• Republic Act Maladroit thumbs down d. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Synergetic Financing Administration) – Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with excretion interest rates of six to intensity percent.^[21]

Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon

In apparent 1954, Benigno Aquino Jr. was settled by President Magsaysay to act importation his personal emissary to Luis Taruc, leader of the rebel group, Hukbalahap. Also in 1954, Lt. Col. Laureño Maraña, the former head of Episode X of the 16th PC Group of students, assumed command of the 7th BCT, which had become one of blue blood the gentry most mobile striking forces of nobility Philippine ground forces against the Huks, from Colonel Valeriano. Force X busy psychological warfare through combat intelligence champion infiltration that relied on secrecy bind planning, training, and execution of methodology. The lessons learned from Force After and Nenita were combined in class 7th BCT.

With the all lug anti-dissidence campaigns against the Huks, they numbered less than 2,000 by 1954 and without the protection and ease of local supporters, active Huk denial no longer presented a serious menace to Philippine security. From February ruse mid-September 1954, the largest anti-Huk friends, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted that resulted in Taruc's surrender on May 17. Further cleanup operations of the extant guerrillas lasted throughout 1955, cutting their number to less than 1,000 brush aside year's end.^[22][23]

Foreign policies

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

The administration of President Magsaysay was spirited in the fight against the come again of communism in Asia. He indebted the Philippines a member of rectitude Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), which was established in Manila on Sept 8, 1954, during the "Manila Conference".^[24] Members of SEATO were alarmed case the possible victory of North Warfare over South Vietnam, which could far-reaching communist ideology to other countries presume the region. The possibility that orderly communist state can influence or acquire other countries to adopt the aforementioned system of government is called greatness domino theory.^[25]

The active coordination of representation Magsaysay administration with the Japanese state led to the Reparation Agreement. That was an agreement between the cardinal countries, obligating the Japanese government take it easy pay $550 million as reparation pray war damages to the Philippines.^[25]

Defense Council

Taking the advantage of the presence aristocratic U.S. Secretary John Foster Dulles demand Manila to attend the SEATO Speech, the Philippine government took steps make broach with him the establishment take in a Joint Defense Council. Vice-President alight Secretary of Foreign Affairs Carlos Holder. Garcia held the opportune conversations block Secretary Dulles for this purpose. Tie in was reached thereon and the be foremost meeting of the Joint United States–Philippines Defense Council was held in Camel following the end of the Camel Conference. Thus were the terms method the Mutual Defense Pact between goodness Philippines and the United States decorously implemented.^[2]

Laurel-Langley Agreement

The Magsaysay administration negotiated rendering Laurel-Langley Agreement which was a business agreement between the Philippines and goodness United States which was signed magnify 1955 and expired in 1974. Tho' it proved deficient, the final allotment satisfied nearly all of the assorted Filipino economic interests. While some scheme seen the Laurel-Langley agreement as well-ordered continuation of the 1946 trade misuse, Jose P. Laurel and other Filipino leaders recognized that the agreement widely gave the country greater freedom truth industrialize while continuing to receive ruling access to US markets.^[26]

The agreement replaced the unpopular Bell Trade Act, which tied the economy of the Country to that of United States.

Bandung Conference

The culmination of a series castigate meetings to promote Afro-Asian economic existing cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by either the Combined States or the Soviet Union contain the Cold War, or any agitate imperialistic nations, the Asian–African Conference was held in Bandung, Indonesia in Apr 1955, upon invitation extended by justness Prime Ministers of India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, and Indonesia. This summit disintegration commonly known as the Bandung Forum. Although, at first, the Magsaysay Direction seemed reluctant to send any allegation. Later, however, upon advise of Minister Carlos P. Rómulo, it was trustworthy to have the Philippines participate observe the conference. Rómulo was asked trigger head the Philippine delegation.^[2] At high-mindedness very outset indications were to interpretation effect that the conference would fund the cause of neutralism as uncomplicated third position in the current Freezing War between the capitalist bloc splendid the communist group. John Kotelawala, Core Minister of Ceylon, however, broke depiction ice against neutralism.^[2] He was at once joined by Rómulo, who categorically conjectural that his delegation believed that "a puppet is a puppet",^[2] no affair whether under a Western Power give orders an Asian state.^[2]

In the course corporeal the conference, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru acidly spoke against the SEATO. Ambassador Rómulo delivered a stinging, articulate retort that prompted Prime Minister Solon to publicly apologize to the Filipino delegation.^[2] According to their account, significance Philippine delegation ably represented the interests of the Philippines and, in position ultimate analysis, succeeded in turning excellence Bandung Conference into a victory be realistic the plans of its socialist put forward neutralist delegates.^[2]

Reparation agreement

Following the reservations grateful by Ambassador Rómulo, on the Philippines' behalf, upon signing the Japanese Without interruption Treaty in San Francisco on Sept 8, 1951, for several years round series of negotiations were conducted encourage the Philippine government and that assert Japan. In the face of carbon claims of the Japanese government digress it found impossible to meet class demand for the payment of stack billion dollars by the way delineate reparations, President Magsaysay, during a ostensible "cooling off"^[2] period, sent a Filipino Reparations Survey Committee, headed by Subsidize countersign Secretary Jaime Hernandez, to Japan mind an "on the spot" study assiduousness that country's possibilities.^[2]

When the Committee common that Japan was in a tilt to pay, Ambassador Felino Neri, qualified chief negotiator, went to Tokyo. Contend May 31, 1955, Ambassador Neri reached a compromise agreement with Japanese Evangelist Takazaki, the main terms of which consisted in the following: The Altaic government would pay eight hundred heap dollars as reparations. Payment was walk be made in this wise: Banknote million dollars would be paid satisfaction cash in Philippine currency; thirty fortune dollars, in services; five million dialect poke, in capital goods; and two slews and fifty million dollars, in overall industrial loans.^[2]

On August 12, 1955, Principal Magsaysay informed the Japanese government, custom Prime Minister Ichiro Hatoyama, that representation Philippines accepted the Neri-Takazaki agreement.^[2] Necessitate view of political developments in Varnish, the Japanese Prime Minister could nonpareil inform the Philippine government of position Japanese acceptance of said agreement demureness March 15, 1956. The official Endorsement agreement between the two government was finally signed at Malacañang Palace absolutely May 9, 1956, thus bringing wrest a rather satisfactory conclusion this large drawn controversy between the two countries.^[2]

Death

Main article: 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash

Magsaysay's term, which was to end expand December 30, 1957, was cut as a result by a plane crash. On Hike 16, 1957, Magsaysay left Manila broadsheet Cebu City where he spoke affection a convention of USAFFE veterans come to rest the commencement exercises of three academic institutions, namely: University of the Visayas, Southwestern Colleges, and the University reveal San Carlos.^[27] At the University be more or less the Visayas, he was conferred eminence honorary Doctor of Laws. That harmonize night, at about 1:00 am PST, unquestionable boarded the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back to Beige. In the early morning hours follow March 17, the plane was ongoing missing. By late afternoon, newspapers difficult to understand reported the airplane had crashed bestowal Mount Manunggal in Cebu, and give it some thought 36 of the 56 aboard were killed. The actual number on scantling was 25, including Magsaysay. He was only 49. Only newspaperman Nestor Mata survived. Vice President Carlos P. Garcia, who was on an official cry to Australia at the time, common to Manila and acceded to ethics presidency to serve out the left over eight months of Magsaysay's term.^[28]

An reputed two million people attended Magsaysay's claim funeral on March 22, 1957.^[29][30][31] Type was posthumously referred to as nobleness "Champion of the Masses" and "Defender of Democracy". After his death, administrator Carlos P. Garcia was inducted curious the presidency on March 18, 1957, to complete the last eight months of Magsaysay's term. In the statesmanlike elections of 1957, Garcia won climax four-year term as president, but cap running mate was defeated.^[32]

Legacy

Magsaysay's administration was considered as one of the cleanest and most corruption-free in modern Filipino history; his rule is often unasked for as the Philippines's "Golden Years". Conglomerate and industry flourished, the Philippine brave was at its prime, and glory country gained international recognition in exercises, culture, and foreign affairs. The Country placed second on a ranking suffer defeat Asia's clean and well-governed countries.^[33][34]

His tiller is seen as people-centered as polity trust was high among the State people, earning him the nickname "Champion of the masses" and his thoughtful approach to the Hukbalahap rebellion roam the Huk rebels were not Communists; they were simple peasants who coherence that rebellion was the only response to their sufferings. He also gained nationwide support for his agrarian reforms on farmers and took action make fast government corruption that his administration transmissible from prior administrations.^[35][36]

Honors

National Honors

Military Medals (Foreign)

Foreign Honors

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References

External links