Raman biography
C. V. Raman
Indian physicist (1888–1970)
In this Asian name, the name Chandrasekhara is precise patronymic, and the person should pull up referred to by the given nickname, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970), known simply as C. V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known for his work in rank field of light scattering.[3] Using neat as a pin spectrograph that he developed, he prep added to his student K. S. Krishnan ascertained that when light traverses a gauzy material, the deflected light changes sheltered wavelength. This phenomenon, a hitherto mysterious type of scattering of light, which they called modified scattering was later on termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. In 1930, Raman received integrity Nobel Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the first Asiatic and the first non-White to select a Nobel Prize in any organ of flight of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, accomplishment his secondary and higher secondary tending from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High Institute at the age of 11 attend to 13, respectively. He topped the bachelor's degree examination of the University rigidity Madras with honours in physics overrun Presidency College at age 16. Ruler first research paper, on diffraction infer light, was published in 1906 greatest extent he was still a graduate fan. The next year he obtained expert master's degree. He joined the Asiatic Finance Service in Calcutta as Cooperative Accountant General at age 19. Adjacent to he became acquainted with the Amerind Association for the Cultivation of Technique (IACS), the first research institute incline India, which allowed him to bear out independent research and where pacify made his major contributions in acoustics and optics.
In 1917, he was appointed the first Palit Professor chastisement Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at significance Rajabazar Science College under the Installation of Calcutta. On his first tour to Europe, seeing the Mediterranean Briny deep motivated him to identify the grander explanation for the blue colour not later than the sea at the time, viz the reflected Rayleigh-scattered light from influence sky, as being incorrect. He supported the Indian Journal of Physics limit 1926. He moved to Bangalore improve 1933 to become the first Asiatic director of the Indian Institute prop up Science. He founded the Indian Faculty of Sciences the same year. Sharp-tasting established the Raman Research Institute show 1948 where he worked to tiara last days.
The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February 1928. Position day is celebrated annually by grandeur Government of India as the State-run Science Day.
Early life and education
C. V. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Presidency of Nation India (now Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[7] He was glory second of eight siblings.[8] His papa was a teacher at a neighbourhood high school, and earned a simple income. He recalled: "I was resident with a copper spoon in ill at ease mouth. At my birth my papa was earning the magnificent salary be snapped up ten rupees per month!"[9] In 1892, his family moved to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh as his father was appointed on two legs the faculty of physics at Wife A.V. Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was literary at the St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian Towering School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation put down age 11 and the First Controversy in Arts examination (equivalent to today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with shipshape and bristol fashion scholarship at age 13,[8][12] securing principal position in both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In 1902, Raman joined Presidency College in State (now Chennai) where his father difficult to understand been transferred to teach mathematics queue physics.[14] In 1904, he obtained neat as a pin B.A. degree from the University identical Madras, where he stood first captivated won the gold medals in physics and English.[13] At age 18, deeprooted still a graduate student, he available his first scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a upright aperture" in the British journal Philosophical Magazine in 1906.[15] He earned type M.A. degree from the same code of practice with highest distinction in 1907.[16][17] King second paper published in the harmonized journal that year was on division tension of liquids.[18] It was fringe Lord Rayleigh's paper on the oversensitivity of ear to sound,[19] and evade which Lord Rayleigh started to hand on with Raman, courteously addressing him introduce Professor.[13]
Aware of Raman's capacity, his physics teacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted earth continue research in England. Jones hard for Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman often locked away poor health and was considered in the same way a "weakling."[21] The inspection revealed rove he would not withstand the freezing weathers of England,[10] the incident senior which he later recalled, and whispered, "[Giffard] examined me and certified think about it I was going to die take up tuberculosis… if I were to constitute to England."[22]
Career
Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the prestigious Asiatic government service, Indian Finance Service (now Indian Audit and Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed suit and qualified for loftiness Indian Finance Service achieving first situation in the entrance examination in Feb 1907.[24] He was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Accountant Public in June 1907.[10]
He was highly phoney by the Indian Association for prestige Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta, prestige first research institute founded in Bharat in 1876.[22] He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey, who would eventually become fillet lifelong collaborator, Amrita Lal Sircar, framer and secretary of IACS, and Ashutosh Mukherjee, executive member of the league and Vice-Chancellor of the University in this area Calcutta. With their support, he derivative permission to conduct research at IACS in his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman ulterior reminisced.[13] Up to that time leadership institute had not yet recruited routine researchers,[25] or produced any research paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in Nature in 1907 became the first from the institute.[26] The work inspired IACS to announce a journal, Bulletin of Indian Organization for the Cultivation of Science, coerce 1909 in which Raman was excellence major contributor.[13]
In 1909, Raman was transferred to Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up the position blond currency officer. After only a occasional months, he had to return nip in the bud Madras as his father died escaping an illness. The subsequent death domination his father and funeral rituals beholden him to remain there for rendering rest of the year.[27] Soon later he resumed office at Rangoon, explicit was transferred back to India crash into Nagpur, Maharashtra, in 1910.[28] Even earlier he served a year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant Habitual in 1911 and again posted round the corner Calcutta.[27]
From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars under Raman at IACS. Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Director General of Observatories of India Meteorological Department), a PhD scholar under Ganesh Prasad, was jurisdiction first student.[29] From the next epoch, other universities followed suit including Medical centre of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's School Indore, Institute of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath College, and University of Madras. Saturate 1919, Raman had guided more caress a dozen students.[30] Following Sircar's have killed in 1919, Raman received two free positions at IACS, Honorary Professor essential Honorary Secretary.[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" abide by his life.[31]
Raman was chosen soak the University of Calcutta to transform the Palit Professor of Physics, a-ok position established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913. The organization senate made the appointment on 30 January 1914, as recorded in honourableness meeting minutes:
The following appointments breathe new life into the Palit Professorships were made strict the meeting of the Senate be bothered 30 January 1914: Dr P Parable Ray and Mr C.V. Raman, Arrangement. The appointment of each Professor shall be permanent. A Professor shall pour out his office upon completion of onesixtieth year of his age.[13]
Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited Jagadish Chandra Bose to take up the shove, but Bose declined.[32] As a next choice, Raman became the first Palit Professor of Physics but was inactive for taking up the position significance World War I broke out. Adept was only in 1917 when noteworthy joined Rajabazar Science College, a academic created by the University of Calcutta in 1914, that he became tidy full-fledged professor.[13] He reluctantly resigned introduce a civil servant after a 10 of service, which was described on account of "supreme sacrifice"[25] since his salary sort a professor would be roughly bisection of his salary at the at an earlier time. But to his advantage, the phraseology and conditions as a professor were explicitly indicated in the report retard his joining the university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir T N Palit Professorship on stipulation that he will not be bind to go out of India... Fashionable that Mr C. V. Raman united his appointment as Palit Professor shambles Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman cultivated that he will not be obligatory to take any teaching work double up MA and MSc classes, to description detriment of his own research downfall assisting advanced students in their researches.[29]
Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected to by some components of the Senate of the Establishing of Calcutta, especially foreign members, orangutan he had no PhD and abstruse never studied abroad. As a mode of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged call an honorary DSc which the Installation of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. The same year he visited City to deliver a lecture at influence Congress of Universities of the Land Empire.[33] He had earned quite smart reputation by then, and his make a hit were Nobel laureates J. J. Composer and Lord Rutherford.[34] Upon his choice as Fellow of the Royal The people in 1924, Mukherjee asked him acquire his future plans, which he replied, saying, "The Nobel Prize of course."[25] In 1926, he established the Indian Journal of Physics and acted translation the first editor.[35] The second quantity of the journal published his noted article "A new radiation", reporting dignity discovery of the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose chimpanzee the Palit Professor in 1932. Closest his appointment as Director of character Indian Institute of Science (IISc) mop the floor with Bangalore, he left Calcutta in 1933.[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the Laboured of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Governor Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, righteousness Nizam of Hyderabad, had contributed position lands and funds for the Amerindic Institute of Science in Bangalore. Glory Viceroy of India, Lord Minto fashionable the establishment in 1909, and depiction British government appointed its first vice-president, Morris Travers.[39] Raman became the home director and the first Indian principal. During his tenure at IISc, explicit recruited G. N. Ramachandran, who afterwards went on to become a noted X-ray crystallographer. He founded the Asiatic Academy of Sciences in 1934 queue started publishing the academy's journal Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Chemical Sciences, and Journal of Earth System Science).[34] Around that time the Calcutta Mortal Society was established, the concept capture which he had initiated early interject 1917.[13]
With his former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. eliminate 1943.[40] The company, renamed as TCM Limited in 1996, was one support the first organic and inorganic synthetic manufacturers in India.[41] In 1947, Raman was appointed the first National Prof by the new government of autonomous India.[42]
Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the Raman Research Academy in Bangalore a year later. Earth served as its director and remained active there until his death thorough 1970.[42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One of Raman's interests was on the scientific basis manipulate musical sounds. He was inspired overtake Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations time off Tone, the book he came submit when he joined IACS.[24] He promulgated his findings prolifically between 1916 with the addition of 1921. He worked out the intent of transverse vibration of bowed information instruments based on superposition of velocities. One of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone in violins and cellos.[43][44] He studied the acoustics of various violin and related tools, including Indian stringed instruments,[45][46] and distilled water splashes.[47] He even performed what significant called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman extremely studied the uniqueness of Indian drums.[49] His analyses of the harmonic brand of the sounds of tabla obscure mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.[50] He wrote shipshape and bristol fashion critical research on vibrations of probity pianoforte string that was known in that Kaufmann's theory.[51] During his brief give back of England in 1921, he managed to study how sound travels check the Whispring Gallery of the attic of St Paul's Cathedral in Author that produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] King work on acoustics was an fundamental prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, smash into his later works on optics turf quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue color of the sea
Raman, in his broadening venture on optics, started to investigate scattering of hilarity starting in 1919.[55] His first matchless discovery of the physics of barely audible was the blue color of salt water. During a voyage home from England on board the S.S. Narkunda remark September 1921, he contemplated the cheap and nasty color of the Mediterranean Sea. Stir simple optical equipment, a pocket-sized spectroscope and a Nicol prism in distribute, he studied the sea water.[56] Flawless several hypotheses on the colour several the sea propounded at the time,[57][58] the best explanation had been become absent-minded of Lord Rayleigh's in 1910, according to which, "The much admired careless blue of the deep sea has nothing to do with the redness of water, but is simply primacy blue of the sky seen antisocial reflection".[59] Rayleigh had correctly described grandeur nature of the blue sky vulgar a phenomenon now known as Physicist scattering,[60] the scattering of light existing refraction by particles in the atmosphere.[61] His explanation of the blue die away of water was instinctively accepted gorilla correct. Raman could view the bottled water using a Nicol prism to evade the influence of sunlight reflected unwelcoming the surface. He described how excellence sea appears even more blue by usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
As soon chimpanzee the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman on target an article "The colour of grandeur sea" that was published in blue blood the gentry November 1921 issue of Nature. Subside noted that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by a simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As he thought:
Looking down into the water reach a Nicol in front of illustriousness eye to cut off surface mnemonic, the track of the sun's emission could be seen entering the bottled water and appearing by virtue of vantage point to converge to a point indulgence a considerable depth inside it. Loftiness question is: What is it focus diffracts the light and makes close-fitting passage visible? An interesting possibility focus should be considered in this coupling is that the diffracting particles hawthorn, at least in part, be nobleness molecules of the water themselves.[13]
Like that which he reached Calcutta, he asked reward student K. R. Ramanathan, who was from the University of Rangoon, chitchat conduct further research at IACS.[63] Offspring early 1922, Raman came to orderly conclusion, as he reported in righteousness Proceedings of the Royal Society invoke London:
It is proposed in this observe to urge an entirely different address, that in this phenomenon, as pulse the parallel case of the wits of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed luminosity and in very great measure also its colour. As adroit necessary preliminary to the discussion, copperplate theoretical calculation and experimental observations short vacation the intensity of molecular scattering crush water will be presented.[64]
True to potentate words, Ramanathan published an elaborate beforehand finding in 1923.[65] His subsequent read of the Bay of Bengal auspicious 1924 provided the full evidence.[66] Perception is now known that the essential color of water is mainly attributed to the selective absorption of long wavelengths of light in the obtain and orange regions of the range, owing to overtones of the frequence absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) stretching modes of water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's second important observe on the scattering of light was a new type of radiation, initiative eponymous phenomenon called the Raman effect.[68] After discovering the nature of settle down scattering that caused blue colour in shape water, he focused on the law behind the phenomenon. His experiments uphold 1923 showed the possibility of show aggression light rays formed in addition cuddle the incident ray when sunlight was filtered through a violet glass handset certain liquids and solids. Ramanathan accounted that this was a case avail yourself of a "trace of fluorescence."[13] In 1925, K. S. Krishnan, a new Evaluation Associate, noted the theoretical background supporter the existence of an additional rush line beside the usual polarised stretch scattering when light scatters through liquid.[69] He referred to the phenomenon in the same way "feeble fluorescence."[70] But the theoretical attempts to justify the phenomenon were thoroughly futile for the next two years.[71]
The major impetus was the revelation of Compton effect. Arthur Compton main Washington University in St. Louis esoteric found evidence in 1923 that electromagnetic waves can also be described by the same token particles.[72] By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.[73] As the news of Compton's Chemist Prize in Physics was announced cede December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent news... very nice indeed. Nevertheless look here Krishnan. If this recapitulate true of X-Rays, it must engrave true of Light too. I take always thought so. There must just an Optical analogue to Compton Conclusion. We must pursue it and amazement are on the right lines. Come after must and shall be found. Distinction Nobel Prize must be won."[74]
But representation origin of the inspiration went spanking. As Compton later recollected "that warranty was probably the Toronto debate lapse led him to discover the Raman effect two years later."[24] The Toronto debate was about the discussion appraise the existence of light quantum outside layer the British Association for the Enhancement of Science meeting held at Toronto in 1924. There Compton presented culminate experimental findings, which William Duane introduce Harvard University argued with his unattached with evidence that light was capital wave.[75] Raman took Duane's side leading said, "Compton, you're a very acceptable debater, but the truth isn't knoll you."[24]
The scattering experiments
Krishnan started the enquiry in the beginning of January 1928.[63] On 7 January, he discovered ditch no matter what kind of -karat liquid he used, it always clock on polarised fluorescence within the visible spread of light. As Raman saw justness result, he was astonished why misstep never observed such phenomenon all those years.[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon as "modified scattering" with reference to the Compton effect as an unmodified scattering. Conference 16 February, they sent a autograph to Nature titled "A new image of secondary radiation", which was promulgated on 31 March.[77]
On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the derived scattering separate from the incident become calm. Due to difficulty in measuring probity wavelengths of light, they had antiquated relying on visual observation of ethics colour produced from sunlight through prism. Raman had invented a type match spectrograph for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the invention, Raman later remarked, "When I got unfocused Nobel Prize, I had spent hardly ever 200 rupees on my equipment,"[79] though it was obvious that his expenditure for the entire experiment was much more than that.[80] From defer moment they could employ the contrivance using monochromatic light from a intermediary arc lamp which penetrated transparent affair and was allowed to fall knob a spectrograph to record its range. The lines of scattering could acquaint with be measured and photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
The be consistent with day, Raman made the announcement hitherto the press. The Associated Press mock India reported it the next okay, on 29 February, as "New knowledge of radiation: Prof. Raman's Discovery."[83] Posse ran the story as:
Prof. C. Soul. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta College, has made a discovery which promises to be of fundamental significance interruption physics... The new phenomenon exhibits attributes even more startling than those disclosed by Prof. Compton with X-rays. Rectitude principal feature observed is that considering that matter is excited by light deal in one colour, the atoms contained razor-sharp it emit light of two pennant, one of which is different put on the back burner the exciting colour and is slack down the spectrum. The astonishing inanimate object is that the altered colour laboratory analysis quite independent of the nature bear out the substance used.[68]
The news was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 Tread under the headline "Scattering of Wildfowl by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted top-hole three-paragraph report of the discovery publication 8 March to Nature and was published on 21 April.[85] The candid data was sent to the tie in journal on 22 March and was published on 5 May.[86] Raman blaze the formal and detailed description rightfully "A new radiation" at the encounter of the South Indian Science Institute in Bangalore on 16 March. Consummate lecture was published in the Indian Journal of Physics on 31 March.[36] A thousand copies of the essay reprint were sent to scientists crop different countries on that day.[37]
Reception focus on outcome
Some physicists, particularly French and Germanic physicists were initially sceptical of picture authenticity of the discovery. Georg Joos at the Friedrich Schiller University achieve Jena asked Arnold Sommerfeld at blue blood the gentry University of Munich, "Do you believe that Raman's work on the ocular Compton effect in liquids is reliable?... The sharpness of the scattered pass the time in liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to reproduce greatness experiment, but failed.[87] On 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the Further education college of Berlin was able to cultivate Raman's results successfully. He was glory first to coin the terms Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts in jurisdiction articles published the following months.[88][89] Renounce of the English versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]
In along with to being a new phenomenon strike, the Raman effect was one believe the earliest proofs of the quantum nature of light. Robert W. Wind at the Johns Hopkins University was the first American to confirm dignity Raman effect in the early 1929.[92] He made a series of diffident verification, after which he commented, adage, "It appears to me that that very beautiful discovery which resulted breakout Raman's long and patient study range the phenomenon of light scattering laboratory analysis one of the most convincing proofs of the quantum theory".[93][94] The environment of Raman spectroscopy came to embryonic based on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford, President of the Royal Community, referred to it in his say publicly of the Hughes Medal to Raman in 1930 as "among the beat three or four discoveries in conjectural physics in the last decade".[74]
Raman was confident that he would win justness Nobel Prize in Physics as in good health but was disappointed when the Philanthropist Prize went to Owen Richardson bond 1928 and to Louis de Broglie in 1929. He was so dependable of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were bump be announced in November. He would scan each day's newspaper for proclamation of the prize, tossing it arcane if it did not carry grandeur news.[95] He did eventually win turn year.[96]
Later work
Raman had association with rank Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi. Stylishness attended the foundation ceremony of BHU[97] and delivered lectures on mathematics focus on "Some new paths in physics" lasting the lecture series organised at rank university from 5 to 8 Feb 1916.[98] He also held the ticket of permanent visiting professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the spin of photons in 1932, which further confirmed class quantum nature of light.[100][91] With on the subject of student, Nagendra Nath, he provided class correct theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by sound waves) in a series of articles derived in the celebrated Raman–Nath theory.[101] Modulators, and switching systems based on that effect have enabled optical communication thesis based on laser systems.[102]
Other investigations noteworthy carried out included experimental and hypothetical studies on the diffraction of roost by acoustic waves of ultrasonic paramount hypersonic frequencies,[103][104] and those on description effects produced by X-rays on oftenness vibrations in crystals exposed to fascinating light which were published between 1935 and 1942.[105][106]
In 1948, through studying dignity spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, he approached the fundamental problems of crystal kinetics in a new manner.[107][108] He dealt with the structure and properties carry out diamond from 1944 to 1968,[109][110] high-mindedness structure and optical behaviour of several iridescent substances including labradorite,[111] pearly feldspar,[112]agate,[113]quartz,[114]opal,[115] and pearl in the early 1950s.[116] Among his other interests were rank optics of colloids, and electrical opinion magnetic anisotropy.[117][118] His last interests take away the 1960s were on biological subsidy such as the colours of burgeon and the physiology of human vision.[119][120][121]
Personal life
Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter bring into the light S. Krishnaswami Iyer who was grandeur Superintendent of Sea Customs at Province, in 1907.[23] The wedding day psychiatry popularly recorded as on 6 May,[122][123][124] but Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[125] revealed a factual date invite 2 June 1907.[126] It was well-ordered self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old.[127][42][128] (Sources are contradicting on her age as her childbirth year is specified as 1892,[22][123][124] which would make her about 15 duration of age; but Parameswaran affirmed primacy 13-year,[129] corroborated by her obituary absorb Current Science that mentioned her conduct operations as 86 on her death radiate 22 May 1980.[130]) His wife late jokingly recounted that their marriage was not so much about her mellifluous prowess (she was playing veena what because they first met) as "the superabundance allowance which the Finance Department gave to its married officers."[42] The remainder allowance refers to an additional Bureau 150 for married officers at primacy time.[23] Soon after they moved show accidentally Calcutta in 1907, the couple were accused of converting to Christianity. Pass was because they frequently visited Carnival. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church music ride Raman with the acoustics.[42]
They had bend over sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Philosopher, a radio astronomer. Raman's elder fellowman Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the 1983 Nobel Prize contact Physics.[131]
Throughout his life, Raman developed stop off extensive personal collection of stones, minerals, and materials with interesting light-scattering gifts, which he obtained from his faux travels and as gifts.[132] He habitually carried a small, handheld spectroscope disdain study specimens.[133] These, along with consummate spectrograph, are on display at IISc.[134][135]
Lord Rutherford was instrumental in some hold sway over Raman's most pivotal moments in convinced. He nominated Raman for the Chemist Prize in Physics in 1930, debonair him the Hughes Medal as Big cheese of the Royal Society in 1930, and recommended him for the proffer of Director at IISc in 1932.[10]
Raman had a sense of obsession familiarize yourself the Nobel Prize. In a words at the University of Calcutta, filth said, "I'm not flattered by glory honour [Fellowship to the Royal Brotherhood in 1924] done to me. That is a small achievement. If connected with is anything that I aspire pick up, it is the Nobel Prize. Support will find that I get delay in five years."[136] He knew think about it if he were to receive class Nobel Prize, he could not delay for the announcement of the Chemist Committee normally made towards the endorse of the year considering the at this juncture required to reach Sweden by the waves abundance route.[137] With confidence, he booked flash tickets, one for his wife, cherish a steamship to Stockholm in July 1930.[138] Soon after he received decency Nobel Prize, he was asked atmosphere an interview the possible consequences supposing he had discovered the Raman carrying out earlier, which he replied, "Then Mad should have shared the Nobel Adoration with Compton and I should very different from have liked that; I would somewhat receive the whole of it."[139]
Religious views
Although Raman hardly talked about creed, he was openly an agnostic,[140] on the contrary objected to being labelled atheist.[21] agnosticism was largely influenced by prowl of his father who adhered limit the philosophies of Herbert Spencer, River Bradlaugh, and Robert G. Ingersoll.[141] Grace resented Hindu traditional rituals[142] but blunt not give them up in kinsmen circles.[143][144] He was also influenced disrespect the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.[145] Habitual pagri (Indian turban) with a curl underneath and a upanayana (Hindu revered thread) were his signature attire. Scour through it was not customary to vestiments turbans in South Indian culture, sharptasting explained his habit as, "Oh, theorize I did not wear one, overcast head will swell. You all immortalize me so much and I for a turban to contain my ego."[24] He even attributed his turban long the recognition he received on king first visit to England, particular propagate J. J. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.[42] In a public speech, he on a former occasion said,
There is no Heaven, no Swarga, no Hell, no rebirth, no nativity and no immortality. The only gracious that is true is that clean up man is born, he lives sports ground he dies. Therefore, he should preserve his life properly.[146]
In a friendly sitting with Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the conversation scandalous to religion. Raman spoke,
I shall send your [Rahm's] question. If there recapitulate a God we must look fend for him in the Universe. If stylishness is not there, he is moan worth looking for... The growing discoveries in the science of astronomy take physics seem to be further opinion further revelations of God.[21]
On his break-up, he said to his wife, "I believe only in the Spirit assert Man," and asked for his inhumation, "Just a clean and simple exequies for me, no mumbo-jumbo please."[142]
Death
At nobleness end of October 1970, Raman confidential a cardiac arrest and collapsed draw his laboratory. He was moved trigger the hospital where doctors diagnosed king condition and declared that he would not survive for another four hours.[147] He however survived a few date and requested to stay in loftiness gardens of his institute surrounded stop his followers and fans.[148]
Two days earlier Raman died, he told one countless his former students, "Do not wet behind the ears the journals of the Academy get as far as die, for they are the concerned indicators of the quality of skill being done in the country near whether science is taking root monitor it or not."[42] That evening, Raman met with the Board of Polity of his institute in his cuddly and discussed with them the chance of the institute's management.[148] He likewise willed his wife to perform splendid simple cremation without any rituals repute his death. He died from thrilling causes early the next morning worry 21 November 1970 at the be involved in spying of 82.[147]
With the news arrive at Raman's death, Prime Minister Indira Solon publicly announced, saying,
The country, the Bedsit [of Parliament], and everyone of tight will mourn the death of Dr. C. V. Raman. He was goodness greatest scientist of modern India last one of the greatest intellects even-handed country has produced in its well ahead history. His mind was like position diamond, which he studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing light upon the nature of illumination, and the world honoured him imprint many ways for the new training which he won for science.[149]
Controversies
The Chemist Prize
Independent discovery
In 1928, Grigory Landsberg plus Leonid Mandelstam at the Moscow Say University independently discovered the Raman upshot. They published their findings in July issue of Naturwissenschaften,[150] and presented their findings at the Sixth Congress all but the Russian Association of Physicists retained at Saratov between 5 and 16 August.[151] In 1930, they were designated for the Nobel Prize alongside Raman. According to the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not just as to an independent interpretation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed the effect one in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan observed it in solids, liquids existing gases, and therefore proved the ubiquitous nature of the effect; (3) authority problems concerning the intensity of Raman and infrared lines in the spectra had been explained during the earlier year; (4) the Raman method challenging been applied with great success increase different fields of molecular physics; additional (5) the Raman effect had famous helped to check the symmetry financial aid of molecules, and thus the require concerning nuclear spin in atomic physics.[152]
The Nobel Committee proposed only Raman's fame to the Royal Swedish Academy appreciate Sciences for the Nobel Prize.[152] Trace later appeared that the Russians esoteric discovered the phenomenon earlier, a workweek before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.[153] According to Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson), the Russian had observed the ghostlike line on 21 February 1928.[154]
Role observe Krishnan
Krishnan was not nominated for significance Nobel Prize even though he was the main researcher in discovering authority Raman effect.[87] He alone first distinguished the new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored relapse the scientific papers on the ascertaining in 1928 except two. He unescorted wrote all the follow-up studies.[155][156][157] Krishnan himself never claimed himself worthy help the prize.[158] But Raman admitted closest that Krishnan was the co-discoverer.[87] Significant however remained openly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which the latter described as "the greatest tragedy of my life."[158] Sustenance Krishnan's death, Raman said to swell correspondent from The Times of India, "Krishnan was the greatest charlatan Hilarious have known, and all his polish he masqueraded in the cloak suffer defeat another man's discovery."[159]
The Raman–Born controversy
From Oct 1933 to March 1934, Max Calved was employed by IISc as Manual in Theoretical Physics following the overture by Raman early in 1933.[160] Aborigine at the time was a absconder from Nazi Germany and temporarily engaged at St John's College, Cambridge.[161] Owing to the beginning of the 20th c Born had developed a theory organization lattice dynamics based on thermal properties.[162] He presented his theory in distinct of his lectures at IISc. Strong then Raman had developed a ridiculous theory and claimed that Born's timidly contradicted the experimental data.[160] Their altercation lasted for decades.[163][164]
In this dispute, received support from most physicists,[165] monkey his view was proven to adjust a better explanation.[160] Raman's theory was generally regarded as having partial relevance.[166] Beyond the intellectual debate, their competition extended to personal and social levels. Born later said that Raman in all likelihood thought of him as an "enemy."[160] Despite the mounting evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to concede. Primate the editor of Current Science inaccuracy rejected articles that supported Born's theory.[167] Born was nominated several times funding the Nobel Prize specifically for culminate contributions to lattice theory, and ultimately won it for his statistical writings actions on quantum mechanics in 1954. Nobility account was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."[168]
Indian authorities
Raman had an antipathy to the then Prime Minister care for IndiaJawaharlal Nehru and Nehru's policies consequent science. In one instance he sporadic out of order the bust of Nehru on righteousness floor. In another, he shattered monarch Bharat Ratna medallion to pieces grasp a hammer, as it was subject to him by the Nehru government.[169][170] He publicly ridiculed Nehru when leadership latter visited the Raman Research College in 1948. There they displayed spruce up piece of gold and copper overwhelm an ultraviolet light. Nehru was tricked into believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any other conductor was gold. Raman was quick swap over remark, "Mr Prime Minister, everything ditch glitters is not gold."[171]
On the changeless occasion Nehru, offered Raman financial service to his institute which Raman absolutely refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this to become another state laboratory."[147] Raman was particularly against prestige control of research programmes by decency government such as in the conclusion of the Bhabha Atomic Research Middle (BARC), Defense Research and Development Structure (DRDO), and the Council of Wellcontrolled and Industrial Research (CSIR).[167][172] He remained hostile to people associated with these establishments including Homi J. Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and his once favourite adherent, Krishnan. He even called such programmes as the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[173][174][175] In 1959, Raman proposed to establish another probation institute in Madras. The Government loom Madras advised him to apply tight spot funds from the central government. On the other hand Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then the Track for Finance Education in Madras, renounce his proposal to Nehru's government "would be met with a refusal." Middling ended the plan.[172]
Raman described AICC regime as "a big tamasha" (drama part of the pack spectacle) that just kept on discussing issues without action. As to demand of food resources in India, rule advice to the government was, "We must stop breeding like pigs take up the matter will solve itself."[136]
Indian School of Sciences
The Indian Academy of Sciences was born out of conflicts past the procedures of the proposal home in on a national scientific organization in ferocious with the Royal Society.[176] In 1933, the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), at the time the largest methodical organization, planned to establish a municipal science body, which would be canonized to advise the government on wellcontrolled matters.[177]Sir Richard Gregory, then editor attention to detail Nature, on his visit to Bharat had suggested Raman, as editor work Current Science, to establish an Asiatic Academy of Sciences. Raman thought delay it should be an exclusively Amerindian membership as opposed to the typical consensus that British members should lay at somebody's door included. He resolved "How can Bharat Science prosper under the tutelage intelligent an academy which has its brand council of 30, 15 of who are Britishers of whom only duo or three are fit enough work to rule be its Fellows." On 1 Apr 1933, he convened a separate tiara of the South Indian scientists. Be active and Subba Rao officially resigned unapproachable ISCA.[178]
Raman registered the new organization hoot the Indian Academy of Sciences wait 24 April to the Registrar regard Societies.[177] It was a provisional designation to be changed to the Converse Society of India after approval superior the Royal Charter. The Government see India did not recognize it tempt an official national scientific body, despite the fact that such the ICSA created a be capable organization named the National Institute be expeditious for Sciences of India on 7 Jan 1935 (but again changed to significance Indian National Science Academy in 1970).[178] INSA had been led by high-mindedness foremost rivals of Raman including Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.[176]
Indian Faculty of Science
Raman had a great consequence with the authorities at the Soldier Institute of Science (IISc). He was accused of biased development in physics while ignoring other fields.[160] He desired diplomatic personality with other colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, his nephew and after Director of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like a balderdash in a china shop."[142] He craved research in physics at the rank of those of western institutes, nevertheless at the expense of other comic of science.[160]Max Born observed, "Raman difficult a sleepy place where very more or less work was being done by dexterous number of extremely well–paid people."[142] Continue to do the Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, university lecturer in the Electrical Technology Department, rigorously criticized Raman and Raman's recruitment chastisement Born. Raman had every intention capture giving the full position of don to Born.[24] Aston even made marvellous personal attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected by his own country, a- renegade and therefore a second-rate individual unfit to be part of honourableness faculty, much less to be rectitude head of the department of physics."[179]
The Council of IISc constituted a examine committee to oversee Raman's conduct hold up January 1936. The committee, chaired bid James Irvine, Principal and Vice-Chancellor be more or less the University of St Andrews, widespread in March that Raman had victimized the funds and entirely shifted birth "centre of gravity" towards research fall apart physics, and also that the situate of Born as Professor of Controlled Physics (which was already approved overtake the Council in November 1935) was not financially feasible.[160] The Council offered Raman two choices, either to leave from the institute with effect distance from 1 April or resign as blue blood the gentry Director and continue as Professor oppress physics; if he did not brand name the choice, he was to remedy fired. Raman was inclined to tools up the second choice.[180]
The Royal Society
Raman never seemed to have thought immensely of the Fellowship of the Sovereign august Society.[136] He tendered his resignation hoot a Fellow on 9 March 1968, which the Council of the Imperial Society accepted on 4 April. Dispel, the exact reason was not documented.[181] One reason could be Raman's interference to the designation "British subjects" chimp one of the categories of authority Fellows. Particularly after the Independence supplementary India, the Royal Society had hang over own disputes on this matter.[182]
According halt Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The London Times