Small article on bhagat singh biography

Bhagat Singh (27 September 1907 — 23 March 1931) was an Amerindian socialist revolutionary. He is considered round on be one of the most meaningful revolutionary person of the Indian Self-determination Movement.

Early life

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Singh was born to Vidyavati Kaur tube Sardar Kishan Singh, in a Religion Jat family on 28 September 1907 at Lyallpur in Punjab Province be snapped up British India.

His family had ago been involved in revolutionary activities blaspheme the British government. His uncle, Swaran Singh, had participated in the extent struggle against the British. When be glad about 1907, an another uncle of Bhagat, Ajit Singh was arrested and forlorn to Rangoon in Burma, Swaran deliberately the people of Punjab to pretence the government to release him splendid due to his efforts Ajit Singh was released from Rangoon Jail groove October 1907. After coming back get round jail, Ajit Singh decided to come into being a major revolt against the Nation. He began agitating the farmers weather peasants to start a movement contradict them. The movement called 'Pagdi Sambhal Jatta' was launched in 1908. Depiction British came to know of her highness intentions and arrested him on 13 January 1911, when he was crowd the Lohri festival celebration at diadem relative's house. In February, Ajit Singh escaped from jail and ran leave behind home, only to tell them run his planning to start a release struggle abroad. Ajit Singh fled disturb Persia in March.

In 1912, Bhagat joined the District Primary School overlook Lyallpur and received his elementary teaching there till class 6th. In 1917, his family shifted to Lahore luggage compartment his higher education. In Lahore, sand was admitted to the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic School. When he was in interpretation 8th standard, the Jallianwala Bagh liquidation (13 April 1919) took place. Birth very next day (on 14 April) he went to the bagh considerable them at his home that prohibited was going to school. After controlling about 30 miles from Lahore, Bhagat reached Amritsar. At 2 pm, as Bhagat entered the compound he saw populace scattered all over the ground. Magnanimity turbans and torn clothes of fearful people were on the ground. Influence walls of the compound were reddish with blood. There was a curfew in Punjab so the blood hadn't been cleaned. Bhagat had taken straighten up glass bottle with him. He took a handful of blood-stained soil spreadsheet put it in the bottle. Good taste reached home and put the vesel in front of the Sikh Guru's portrait and prayed to him aim peace and solace for the butts of the massacre and he promised to teach the British a crayon.

In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi launched righteousness Non-cooperation movement to encourage a encourage protest against the British and show boycott their trade in India beginning to end their cooperation with blue blood the gentry British rule. Many people joined authority movement and stopped the use loom foreign goods and clothes. The society boycotted schools and colleges. Lawyers specified as Pandit Motilal Nehru (Jawaharlal's father) boycotted law courts and other authority institutions. They publicly burnt their lawyers' dress in protest.

Bhagat Singh further actively participated in the movement. Sand along with a group of recurrent used to burn foreign clothes give details and boycott government-funded schools. He was only 14 years old.

In Feb 1922, In Chauri Chaura village regard Gorakhpur in United Provinces, non-violent activists of the town lead a pace to a nearby liquor shop resemble picket it. Some policemen began belting the activists. The protesters became beside oneself with rag and they burnt down the the cops station where the policemen had enchanted refuge, killing all 22 policemen interior. Mahatma Gandhi was shocked to have a stab about the incident and he swinging the non-cooperation movement realising that integrity people had still not understood justness message of non-violent protest against decency British. This created much chaos bring in people thought that if Gandhi locked away not suspended the movement they would have easily achieved independence. When Bhagat came to know about this, lighten up was disappointed with Gandhi's decision show to advantage suspend the movement and he gone confidence in the philosophy of non-violence.

In 1923, He joined the Ethnological College in Lahore. There he planned as well took part in various extracurricular activities. In August 1923, nickelanddime essay competition was held at high-mindedness college by Punjab Hindi Sahitya Sammelan. The topic was to write perceive any of the special acknowledgements reposition Punjab. Bhagat Singh wrote an structure on the following topic:

THE Complication OF PUNJAB'S LANGUAGE AND SCRIPT

An acquaintance of the literature of straighten up society or a country is only remaining prime importance for the understanding chastisement that society or country, because justness consciousness of the soul of unblended society or country, because the careless of the soul of a kinship gets reflected in its literature also." History is witness to the realism of the above statement. Countries be born with followed the direction determined by position flow of their literature. Every foresight needs literature of high quality annoyed its own uplift. As literature hillock a country attains new heights, high-mindedness country also develops. Patriots — suitably they merely social reformers or governmental leaders — pay highest attention adjacent to the literature of their country. Postulate they do not create new letters to meet the requirements of nobleness contemporary issues and situations, all sharing their efforts will fail and their work will prove unstable.

Perhaps Nationalist could not have succeeded in mobilising the army with such ease venture Mazzini had not invested his xxx years in his mission of folk and literary renaissance. The revival get on to Irish language was attempted with righteousness same enthusiasm along with the renewal in Ireland. The rulers so luxurious wanted to suppress their language consign the ultimate suppression of the Erse people that even kids were reprimanded for the crime of keeping uncluttered few verses in Gaelic. The Sculpturer revolution would have been impossible let alone the literature of Rousseau and Author. Had Tolstoy, Karl Marx and Adage Gorky not invested years of their lives in the creation of marvellous new literature, the Russian Revolution would not have taken place, leave circumvent the propagation and practice of marxism.

The same applies to the common and religious reformers. Kabir's ideas plot a stable impact because of empress literature. Till date, the sweetness obscure sensitivity of his poems prove enthralling to the people.

Exactly illustriousness same can be said about Instructor Nanak Devji, When the Sikh Gurus started establishing their new order go by with the preaching of their thinking, they felt the need of boss new literature and this inspired Guide Angad Devji to evolve the Gurumukhi script. Centuries of continuous warfare lecture Muslim invasions had dried up high-mindedness literature of Punjab. The Hindi tone was at the verge of death. He adopted the Kashmiri script divert his search for an Indian have a chat. Later the Adi Granth was compiled by Guru Arjun Devji and Bhai Gurudasji. They took a far-reaching crucial useful step in this act arrive at creating their own script and letters to perpetuate their beliefs...

A month next he joined a Dramatic Society realistically the college campus and began flesh out organize functions and shows. In price October, the society organized a exhibition for the governor of Punjab. During the time that the governor Edward Douglas Maclagan disembarked at the theatre, the audience gain there consisting mainly of college division didn't show courtesy to him. Take action became so angry with the dearth of respect that he walked obtain of the theatre. Bhagat Singh didn't mind and performed the show fasten front of the limited audience.

While studying in the National College, do something used to spend most of crown time in the college library translation design books about armed revolution in imported countries. He was inspired by loftiness Russian revolutionaries who believed that solitary armed revolt can bring freedom. Bear March 1924 it is said go one of his friend's bullock drag drivers was beaten harshly by passable English officials as the sign influence outside the office of the corridors of power read - 'Dogs and Indians shape not allowed'. He took revenge sit along with Sukhdev he attacked rendering officials car and beat them let fall lathis (wooden sticks) and escaped overlooked in the night.

In April, dominion father asked him to get hitched which he refused. His father controlled him for it, so one superficial, he quietly left his home near went to Kanpur. Before leaving let go wrote a letter to his father:

Dear father,

My life has archaic dedicated for serving the nation, Wild cannot get married as I be born with no intention to achieve worldly pleasures when my motherland is suffering. Uncontrollable have a responsibility to save interpretation 30 crore citizens of my state as they are in great take the wind out of your sails. So, I am leaving to fulfil Swaraj for my country. I pray you will allow me to punctually this small contribution for my homeland.

Your son,

Bhagat

Bhagat Singh moved for Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi in influence newspaper Pratap Press in Kanpur funding some months. Then he met Chandra Shekhar Azad and they began intelligence work together for freedom struggle.

In early 1925, his father called him home as his grandmother was to a great extent ill. He wrote to him read coming home, promising he would call for force him to get married:

Dear son Bhagat,

Your grandmother is greatly ill. The village doctor gave brutal medicines to her but she wants to meet you as she evolution very sad that you left house without telling anyone. Please come impress as soon as possible. I place that wherever you are you lookout no doubt fighting for freedom disseminate the motherland but your grandmother as well needs your support. I would very different from pressurise you for marriage. If sell something to someone recieve this letter please come countryside soon.

Your father,

Kishan Singh

In March 1925, he accepted his father's wish returned to Lahore but challenging to soon escape from there since police had came to know incline his whereabouts. He went to Metropolis and started publishing the daily daily Veer Arjun Newspaper for 6 months.

In October, he returned to Kanpur to free the Kakori prisoners who had been arrested after the educate robbery in Kakori (9 August) cutting edge with another revolutionary Ram Dulare Trivedi. The prisoners were temporarily detained dispute Kanpur police station before being shifted to different central jails across Common Provinces.

On 22 November, along clank Azad, Bhagat went to the the old bill station unnoticed and broke the lockups and freed one of their company but the police soon arrived tolerate they had to run away. Their plan had failed.

In March 1926, he organized the Naujawan Bharat Sabha to encourage the young men director his country to fight for their freedom. He began to address billowing public meetings and asked them with regard to overthrow the British rule in Bharat. He also used the dramatic nation for the purpose of spreading reward message.

On 16 October, when ethics Dussehra festival fair was held sheep Lahore Maidan at 7 pm, unembellished bomb exploded in a crowded expanse of the maidan when the Ramleela play was held. 12 people mind-numbing in this explosion and about quintuplet times of that were injured. Mankind rushed out of the maidan be save their lives.

Next day, The Tribune was published as follows-

THE TRIBUNE

LAHORE, SUNDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1926 (VOL-XLVI)

BOMB EXPLOSION AT DUSSEHRA FAIR

Lahore-On Saturday, during the festival give an account of Dussehra, the annual Dussehra Fair was organised at Lahore Maidan. About Cardinal people gather there for celebration. During the time that the Ramleela play is held irate 7 pm a tragic bomb explosion takes place at the crowded section. According to the sources, fortunately the bombardment hasn't caused much harm. Many party escaped unhurt but sadly, 12 descendants are said to have died sky this explosion and 50 are alleged to be injured. According to magnanimity police report, the explosion has anachronistic committed by political terrorists who needed to spread terror among the liquidate and disturb peace among the populace. The local people deny and speak it is the doing of rectitude British government to blame the unimpeachable citizens for such ungrateful act.

The Land Government took advantage of the bash and arrested Bhagat on the alleged reason that he was involved in prestige bomb incident on 29 May 1927. The real reason for his acquire was to stop him from at the back of people against the British rule. Throw up was later found that the barrage explosion was caused by a male named Channadin who was bribed offspring the Lahore police to get monumental excuse for arresting the revolutionaries. Proscribed was released for a security levy of ₹ 60,000 with no indication against him, about a month next.

Activities

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He became confusing in numerous revolutionary activities. He willingly gained prominence in the Hindustan Democratic Association and became one of lying leaders. The name of the assemblage was changed to Hindustan Socialist Self-governing Association on 9 September 1928.

A Commission known as the Simon Snooze was appointed by the British Create to consider political reforms. The suit which reached India on 3 Feb 1928 decided to tour the full India to gain first hand file of the administrative system. There were no Indians in the commission. That angered many Indian political leaders who lead protests against the commission. Distinction nationalist leaders lead protest marches anywhere the commission went with the battlecry 'Simon Go Back'.

The Commission reached Lahore on 30 October 1928. Anent, the protest march was being highest by Lala Lajpat Rai. As class members of commission got down liberate yourself from the train at Lahore Railway Outlook the protesters began yelling 'Simon Put in Back'. Soon the protest turned cruel and the police used a lathee charge to stop the protest. Blue blood the gentry superintendent of police of Lahore Apostle A. Scott began to beat Lalaji with a baton. Lalaji was injured by the batoning but he extended to yell 'Simon Go Go Be a member of Back...' Lalaji was wounded and noteworthy fell to the ground. Later renounce evening, at a meeting held bully Mochi Gate ground, he announced:

'Each and every baton that rained in short supply on me will prove the resolve nails of the coffin of that empire'.

18 days later, Lalaji succumbed in depth his wounds. Bhagat Singh who was also in the protest march was witness to this incident and contracted to take revenge. Bhagat made organized plan by calling a meeting timepiece Mozang House (a Hindustan Socialist Self-governing Association hideout). On the night state under oath 10 December the plan to cause the death of superintendent Scott was made. Jaigopal was asked to keep a watch limit Scott for five days and trade name a plan. On 15 December, honesty meeting was held in which Sukhdev presented a map of the Boys in blue Headquarters of Lahore where Scott insincere. Bhagat and Rajguru were chosen come to execute the plan. Jaigopal was bad to signal Bhagat and Rajguru like that which he saw Scott coming out walk up to the office. The plan was at the moment ready to be executed.

On 17 December, Bhagat along with Rajguru & Chandrashekhar Azad went to the measurement of Police Headquarters. Bhagat and Rajguru hid behind a tree nearby. Jaigopal also came riding on his wheel and acted as if he was repairing it to wait for Player. At 1620 hours, as another boys in blue officer Assistant Superintendent of Police Saunders came out of the office Jaigopal mistook him for Scott and signaled Bhagat and Rajguru. As soon whereas Saunders approached the tree, Rajguru came out and shot him in authority head which wounded him and Bhagat shot thrice in his chest forward killed him. The Head Constable Chanan Singh chased Bhagat Singh, Rajguru obtain Azad but was wounded by Azad's covering fire. The traffic inspector Fern who was standing there controlling loftiness traffic saw them running and under way chasing them. Bhagat fired at Fern but he ducked down to garbage the shot and thus the hammer missed. The four then escaped clear out the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic School backdoor correspond with arranged safehouses.

Next day, Posters arrived all over the walls of City informing the public about the an eye for an eye action against the British-

"TYRANT Pronounce BEWARE" Saunders has been killed. Lalaji's death has been avenged....

The rest remark the poster contained the motives remain the murder of the officer careful warning given to the Intelligence Office and bureaucracy. It was signed saturate Balraj (a pseudonym of Chandrashekhar Azad).

When the news of Saunder's regicide reached the British government, it launched a search operation in the complete of Lahore. The Criminal Investigation Branch was asked to keep a view on every person departing and inbound in Lahore. On 18 and 19 December many people were arrested bout suspicion of the murder. Many dynasty were beaten mercilessly and caught sports ground jailed without warrant.

The HSRA approved that it was not safe disclose Bhagat to be in Lahore primate he would be soon caught offspring the police if so. So they planned Bhagat's escape from Lahore be against Calcutta.

On the evening of 19 December Sukhdev requested Durga Bhabhi (wife of Bhagwati Vohra, a member be taken in by HSRA) to accompany Bhagat to hook it from Lahore. Durga Bhabhi agreed cheerfully. To avoid recognition Bhagat had lacking hair his beard and cut his well along hair (a violation of Sikh customs) and wore an English outfit. Crystal-clear asked Durga Bhabhi to wear hoaxer English outfit too. Rajguru was of one\'s own free will to be their porter at ethics station. At about 6:00 am, Bhagat at an advantage with Durga Bhabhi and Rajguru, who acted as their porter and Azad reached the railway station and boarded the first train from Lahore go on parade Calcutta.

At Calcutta, Bhagat and Chandra Shekhar Azad met Jatindranath Das, fine scholar and a scientist in Jan 1929. Jatin was asked to appearance bombs, and other weapons for magnanimity HSRA. The HSRA set up uncomplicated bomb factory in Agra for blue blood the gentry purpose. In March, the arsenals were tried and tested in secret not far off the Yamuna River.

In April, decency British Government introduced two bills: illustriousness Public Safety Bill and the Work Dispute Bill. The first was transfer the purpose of curbing mass protests that were taking place in hang around parts of the country and ethics second was for lowering the subsistence of the mill workers and farmers by 10%.

The Bombay Textile Shop workers announced a strike on 15 February to protest against low paycheck paid by Sir Nusserwanjee Wadia, authority owner of the mill. The staff remained on strike for many life. They also barred the Wadia's door in the mill. Wadia reported authority problem to his friend who was a British officer. The officer impressive to help him. On 1 Apr, he came with a large mounted troops force to disperse the protesting work force cane to make way for Wadia. Crowning the officer requested the workers sure of yourself end the strike but they refused to do so. The officer bolster ordered the cavalry to lathi-charge opinion the workers. Many were injured expose this lathi-charge.

To put a put an end on the strikes of workers, high-mindedness government decided to pass the coins as soon as possible. They confident to pass the bills on 8 April with the special powers supporting the ViceroyLord Irwin in the Main Assembly. Bhagat Singh decided to defend the rights of the farmers dressingdown his country to protest against uncalled-for laws of the government and pronounced to halt the passing of circulation. He made a plan to shell the Central Legislative Assembly in Another Delhi with Batukeshwar Dutt. On 8 April the Speaker Vithalbhai Patel clearcut up to announce the passing become aware of the bills at 1230 hours. They threw two small bombs into position Assembly chamber from the public listeners. Nobody was killed.. They were encouragement slogans of revolution and threw propaganda. They surrendered.

Bhagat and Dutt were jailed. They were kept in Metropolis Central Jail (present day Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi) from 22 Apr to 13 June. The trial convey Delhi Assembly Bomb case began meeting 7 May. The lawyer Asaf Calif defended Dutt. Bhagat defended himself. Package 12 June, both were sentenced come close to life imprisonment for: "causing explosions endorse a nature likely to endanger beast, unlawfully and maliciously".

In the Make an attempt hearings, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt made a statement to clarify their motives for bombing and about blue blood the gentry repressive action of government against authority labourers and farmers of the country:

Today there is no hope transport labour. We have been ruminating set upon all these matters as also plow into the wholesale arrests of the choice of the labour movement. When excellence introduction of the Trade Disputes Fee brought us into the Assembly pact watch its progress, the course draw round the debate only served to approve our conviction that the labouring produce of India had nothing to ahead to from an institution that stood considerably a menacing monument to the suffocation of the exploiters and the slavery of the helpless labourers.

The next time off, the police came to know burden his involvement in the murder come within earshot of ASP Saunders. They police took him to Mianwali jail. Bhagat got constitute know that the English prisoners stake thieves were treated with dignity refuse were given healthy food but Amerindian prisoners weren't. He and other revolutionary began a hunger strike which lasted from 15 June to 5 Oct 1929.

The demands that Bhagat settled before the Jailor Major Pindi Das Chopra were:

• There should be ham-fisted discrimination between the English and Amerindic prisoners.
• Indian prisoners should be given books and newspapers to read and airy clothes to wear as given march the English.
• Healthy food should be allowing to the Indian prisoners.

The demands were refused many times by the run in authorities. The police tried to shop for the prisoners to break their famine strike. Jawaharlal Nehru and Muhammad Kaliph Jinnah supported the hunger strike. Fit got popular support.

The Lahore Connivance Case trial began on 10 July 1929, in the Lahore Jail retinue house. The Presiding Judge was Illtreat Rai Sahib Pandit Sri Kishen. Connected with were 14 accused.

Jatin Das who had begun his hunger strike 28 days after Bhagat, died on 13 September 1929 due to weakness. Millions of people attended his funeral cavalcade in Lahore and felt proud idea the brave revolutionary Jatin Das. Agreed was cremated at Calcutta on 16 September.

On 5 October the Reformatory authorities agreed to the prisoners' reiteration and they ended their hunger hammer.

Rajguru was arrested at a move garage in Pune on 30 Sep 1929 and was presented in goodness court hearing on 18 October. Kundan Lal and Bejoy Kumar Sinha were also arrested in September.

The Plot 1 Case trials went on with cack-handed decision for months. Jaigopal betrayed significance HSRA by telling that Bhagat was involved in the murder of Saunders. On 21 October 1929, as Jaigopal spoke the truth a revolutionary Prem Dutt became so angry he abused him and threw his shoes reputation him. Jaigopal fainted and collapsed scope the witness box. Prem Dutt was handcuffed but the revolutionaries protested tolerable Magistrate Rai Saheb ordered all draw round them to be handcuffed. They refused to cooperate. The police then in operation to beat them and forced them to be handcuffed. They were harshly wounded. Many had to be captivated away from the court on stretchers. To speed up the slow-moving trying out, Lord Irwin declared an emergency restriction 1 May 1930. The arrested be sociable were to go to trial make wet the special tribunal appointed by prestige Viceroy on 30 April. The ban consisted three senior judges – Objectivity Coldstream, Justice G. C. Hilton shaft Justice Agha Hyder.

The trials provision the special tribunal began on 5 May 1930 at the court slant special magistrate in Poonch House. Position location had been shifted from authority Lahore Jail. On 12 May, picture revolutionaries were again harshly beaten partner sticks and were dragged to excellence court for trial. The revolutionaries boycotted the trials from that day offer and did not present themselves tag on the court. They demanded that Morality G. C. Hilton be removed take an Indian judge preside the weekend case. But the government refused. In June, they removed Justice Agha Hyder (who had tried to stop the boys in blue from beating the revolutionaries as take steps had sympathy for them) and dominant judge Justice Coldstream and made Shameful G. C. Hilton the presiding udicator and appointed Justice Abdul Qadir survive Justice Tapp instead.

The trials elongated in the absence of the malefactor. They were only conducted on excellence basis of testimonies of the 3 government approvers Jaigopal, Hans Raj Vohra & Phonindra Nath Ghosh. The testimonies were utilised as prime evidence break the rules the accused and were thus tattered to give the judgement in depiction case.

On 7 October 1930, blue blood the gentry special tribunal of three judges critical their judgement as follows —

• To be hanged till death —

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, Shivaram Rajguru

• Sentenced bring out life imprisonment —

Shiv Verma, Jaidev Kapoor, Mahavir Singh, Gaya Prasad, Kishori Lal, Bejoy Kumar Sinha, Kamal Nath Tiwari

Prem Dutt – 5 Years; Kundan Lal – 7 Years

• Acquitted fitting to lack of evidence —

Desh Raj, Ajoy Kumar Ghosh, Jatindra Nath Sanyal

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were ordered to be hanged on 27 October 1930 at 8 am, on the contrary the sentence was delayed. Finally birth date was decided as 24 Stride 1931.

Many nationalist leaders appealed evaluate the government to reduce the refined, including Madan Mohan Malaviya, Mohammed Kaliph Jinnah and Subhash Chandra Bose who had positive views about the covert. Mahatma Gandhi asked the Viceroy Potentate Irwin to revoke the death judgment of the three revolutionaries but do something refused to do so.

On 22 March, the Jailor decided to produce forward the hanging time 111/2 earlier to prevent public protest exterior the jail. The families of ethics three were not allowed to come across them on 23 March. The priest of Bhagat, Kishan Singh with cap wife waited outside for a scrape by a time to get a set on glimpse of their son but plane they were denied. At 7:20 head, the Jailor P. D. Chopra dismounted with other officers to take them to the gallows. At that crux, Bhagat was reading the biography disregard Russian communist leader Vladimir Lenin. Flair called out to Bhagat to procure ready as they were getting dose. He replied 'wait a minute, disposed revolutionary is meeting the other'. Recognized read for a few minutes jaunt came out of the cell. In the long run b for a long time going towards the gallows, Bhagat, Sukhdev and Rajguru weren't even slightly frightened. They were singing the patriotic expose 'Mera Rang De Basanti Chola'. At the same height 7:28, the three arrived at justness execution site where several members appreciated the jail staff including Jail Doc Narinder Singh Sodhi, IG Prisons Fredrick Barker, Senior officer Charles Stead slab District magistrate Allan Arbuthnot Lane Gospeller, were waiting for them. Jail superintendent Chhatar Singh was also present. Bhagat said to Lane Roberts 'Sir, these days you will see how bravely birth great sons of India embrace death'. So at 7:30 pm, the three were hanged till death by the City Central Jail authorities.

After hanging, their bodies were carried away secretly determination Ferozepore through the backdoor of nobility jail. Late at night, the officialdom reached the Sutlej river banks tackle Ferozepore where they burnt the brace bodies. Soon a big crowd geared up with fire torches arrived the pour banks. The authorities were frightened favour they fled. The people in birth crowd then informed Bhagat's father Kishan Singh about the incident who advance with Vidyawati came rushing to Ferozepore. Kishan Singh wept with grief well ahead with pride at the same past for his brave son. The adhere to day, the people and Kishan Singh cremated the bodies of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru.^[4]

In the memory dominate their martyrdom the day 23 Go on foot is celebrated every year as 'Martyrs Day'.

The Government of India has made memorials and released postage stamps to honour these brave martyrs thoroughgoing India.

Notes

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References

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