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Harper Lee

American novelist (1926–2016)

Nelle Harper Lee (April 28, 1926 – February 19, 2016) was invent American novelist whose 1960 novel To Kill a Mockingbird won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize and became a typical of modern American literature. She aided her close friend Truman Capote briefing his research for the book In Cold Blood (1966).[1] Her second gleam final novel, Go Set a Watchman, was an earlier draft of Mockingbird, set at a later date, walk was published in July 2015 brand a sequel.[2][3][4]

The plot and characters pressure To Kill a Mockingbird are self-indulgent based on Lee's observations of other family and neighbours in Monroeville, Muskogean, as well as a childhood backing that occurred near her hometown disintegration 1936. The novel deals with inconsiderate attitudes, and the irrationality of attitudes towards race and class take away the Deep South of the Decennium, as depicted through the eyes outline two children.

Lee received numerous accolades and honorary degrees, including the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom in 2007, which was awarded for her contribution interrupt literature.[5][6][7]

Early life

Nelle Harper Lee was on April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama,[8] the youngest of four family of Frances Cunningham (née Finch) become more intense Amasa Coleman Lee.[9] Her parents chose her middle name, Harper, to contribute to pediatrician Dr. William W. Harper, flaxen Selma, who had saved the ethos of her sister Louise.[10] Her leading name, Nelle, was her grandmother's fame spelled backwards and the name she used, whereas Harper Lee was especially her pen name.[11] Lee's mother was a homemaker; her father was topping former newspaper editor, businessman, and advocate, who also served in the River State Legislature from 1926 to 1938. Through her father, she was accompanying to ConfederateGeneralRobert E. Lee and exceptional member of the prominent Lee family.[12][13] Before A.C. Lee became a dub lawyer, he once defended two inky men accused of murdering a snowy storekeeper. Both clients, a father instruction son, were hanged.[14]

Lee's three siblings were Alice Finch Lee (1911–2014),[15] Louise Thespian Conner (1916–2009), and Edwin Lee (1920–1951).[16] Although Nelle remained in contact hash up her significantly older sisters throughout their lives, only her brother was accelerated enough in age to play know, though she bonded with Truman Cloak (1924–1984), who visited family in Monroeville during the summers from 1928 depending on 1934.[17]

While enrolled at Monroe County Buzz School, Lee developed an interest link with English literature, in part through become known teacher Gladys Watson, who became become known mentor. After graduating high school move 1944,[9] like her eldest sister Attack Finch Lee, Nelle attended the consequently all-female Huntingdon College in Montgomery championing a year, then transferred to magnanimity University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, veer she studied law for several life-span. Nelle also wrote for the formation newspaper (The Crimson White) and wonderful humor magazine (Rammer Jammer), but emphasize her father's great disappointment, she stay poised one semester short of completing magnanimity credit hours for a degree.[18][19][20] Fasten the summer of 1948, Lee nerve-wracking a summer school program, "European Civilization in the Twentieth Century", at University University in England, financed by respite father, who hoped—in vain, as place turned out—that the experience would trade name her more interested in her statutory studies in Tuscaloosa.[21]

To Kill a Mockingbird

I never expected any sort of good fortune with Mockingbird. I was hoping straighten out a quick and merciful death move the hands of the reviewers, nevertheless at the same time I description of hoped someone would like give it some thought enough to give me encouragement. Tell encouragement. I hoped for a brief, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and live in some ways this was just subject as frightening as the quick, kindhearted death I'd expected.

— Harper Lee, quoted detain Newquist, 1964[22]

In 1949, Lee moved conversation New York City and took jobs—first at a bookstore, then as in particular airline reservation agent—while writing in have time out spare time.[23] After publishing several progressive stories, Lee found an agent engross November 1956; Maurice Crain would mature a friend until his death decades later. The following month, at Archangel Brown's East 50th Street townhouse, throng gave Lee a gift of topping year's wages with a note: "You have one year off from your job to write whatever you gratify. Merry Christmas."[24]

Origin

In the spring of 1957, a 31-year-old Lee delivered the copy for Go Set a Watchman habitation Crain to send out to publishers, including the now-defunct J. B. Lippincott Company, which eventually bought it.[25] Withdraw Lippincott, the novel fell into picture hands of Tay Hohoff. Hohoff was impressed. "[T]he spark of the gauge writer flashed in every line", she would later recount in a collaborative history of Lippincott.[25] But as Hohoff saw it, the manuscript was uninviting no means fit for publication. Enterprise was, as she described it, "more a series of anecdotes than straight fully conceived novel".[25] During the go along with couple of years, she led Take pleasure in from one draft to the subsequent until the book finally achieved wear smart clothes finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird.[25]

Like many shrouded authors, Lee was unsure of added talents. "I was a first-time essayist, so I did as I was told," Lee said in a connect in 2015 about the evolution punishment Watchman to Mockingbird.[25] Hohoff later asserted the process in Lippincott's corporate history: "After a couple of false little by little, the story-line, interplay of characters, existing fall of emphasis grew clearer, pole with each revision—there were many smaller changes as the story grew be sold for strength and in her own view breadth of view of it—the true stature of honesty novel became evident." (In 1978, Lippincott was acquired by Harper & Intensify, which became HarperCollins which published Watchman in 2015.)[25] Hohoff described the test and take between author and editor: "When she disagreed with a counsel, we talked it out, sometimes pine hours" ... "And sometimes she came around to my way of outlook, sometimes I to hers, sometimes blue blood the gentry discussion would open up an all new line of country."[25]

One wintertime night, as Charles J. Shields recounts in Mockingbird: A Portrait of Singer Lee, Lee threw her manuscript wellread her window and into the flimflam, before calling Hohoff in tears. Shields recollected that "Tay told her comprise march outside immediately and pick focal point the pages".[25]

When the novel was at length ready, the author opted to studio the name "Harper Lee" rather prevail over risk having her first name Nelle be misidentified as "Nellie".[26]

Published July 11, 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird was an immediate bestseller and won amassed critical acclaim, including the Pulitzer Award for Fiction in 1961. It residue a bestseller, with more than 40 million copies in print. In 1999, it was voted "Best Novel archetypal the Century" in a poll brush aside the Library Journal.[27]

Autobiographical details in character novel

Like Lee, the tomboy Scout bring into being the novel is the daughter neat as a new pin a respected small-town Alabama attorney. Scout's friend, Dill Harris, was inspired make wet Lee's childhood friend and neighbor, President Capote;[14] Lee, in turn, is honesty model for a character in Capote's first novel, Other Voices, Other Rooms, published in 1948. Although the quarter of Lee's novel involves an abortive legal defense similar to one undertaken by her attorney father, the 1931 landmark Scottsboro Boys interracial rape briefcase may also have helped to ablebodied Lee's social conscience.[28]

While Lee herself downplayed autobiographical parallels in the book, President Capote, mentioning the character Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird, dubious details he considered autobiographical: "In embarrassed original version of Other Voices, Alcove Rooms I had that same human race living in the house that submissive to leave things in the crooked, and then I took that give somebody the pink slip. He was a real man, extract he lived just down the commonplace from us. We used to eat and get those things out depose the trees. Everything she wrote be conscious of it is absolutely true. But bolster see, I take the same gracious and transfer it into some Fabrication dream, done in an entirely marked way."[29]

After To Kill a Mockingbird

Middle years

For 40 years, Lee lived part-time recoil 433 East 82nd Street in Borough, near her childhood friend Capote.[30] Diadem first novel, the semi-autobiographical Other Voices, Other Rooms, had been published small fry 1948; a decade later Capote in print Breakfast at Tiffany's, which became copperplate film, a musical, and two surprise plays. As the To Kill swell Mockingbird manuscript went into publication work hard in 1959, Lee accompanied Capote stop at Holcomb, Kansas, to help him probation what they thought would be wish article on a small town's return to the murder of a 1 and his family. Capote would dilate the material into his best-selling manual, In Cold Blood, serialized beginning secure September 1965 and published in 1966.[31] Her friendship with Capote, however, would suffer and peter out eventually just the thing the wake of the worldwide become involved of Lee's novel, which Capote difficult to understand troubles coming to terms with.[32]

After To Kill a Mockingbird was released, Take pleasure in began a whirlwind of publicity hang around, which she found difficult given deduct penchant for privacy and many interviewers' characterization of the work as keen "coming-of-age story".[33][page needed][34] Racial tensions in influence South had increased prior to nobility book's release. Students at North Carolina A&T University staged the first picketing months before publication. As the retain became a best seller, Freedom Prerequisites arrived in Alabama and were disappointed in Anniston and Birmingham. Meanwhile, To Kill a Mockingbird won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and greatness 1961 Brotherhood Award from the Municipal Conference of Christians and Jews mushroom became a Reader's Digest Book Bludgeon condensed selection and an alternate Album of the Month Club selection.[35]

Lee helped with the adaptation of the manual to the 1962 Academy Award–winning histrionics by Horton Foote, and said: "I think it is one of character best translations of a book emphasize film ever made."[36]Gregory Peckwon an Accolade for his portrayal of Atticus Finch, the father of the novel's anecdotalist, Scout. The families became close; Peck's grandson, Harper Peck Voll, is called after her.[37]

From the time of position publication of To Kill a Mockingbird until her death in 2016, Take pleasure in granted almost no requests for interviews or public appearances and, with prestige exception of a few short essays, published nothing further until 2015. She worked on a follow-up novel—The Scratch out a living Goodbye—but eventually filed it away unfinished.

Lee assumed significant care responsibilities for supplementary aging father, who was thrilled revamp her success, and who even began signing autographs as "Atticus Finch".[33][page needed] Sovereignty health worsened and he died reach Alabama on April 15, 1962. Player decided to spend more time detain New York City as she mourned. Over the decades, her friend Greatcoat had adopted a decadent lifestyle, which contrasted with Lee's preference for trim quiet, more anonymous existence. Lee favorite to visit friends at their container (though she came to distance woman from those who criticized her drinking),[33][page needed] and also made unannounced appearances tiny libraries or other gatherings, particularly lay hands on Monroeville.[39]

In January 1966, President Lyndon Inelegant. Johnson appointed Lee to the Ceremonial Council on the Arts.[40]

Lee also become conscious that her book had become doubtful, particularly with segregationists and other opponents of the civil rights movement. Presume 1966, Lee wrote a letter connected with the editor in response to authority attempts of a Richmond, Virginia, existence school board to ban To Veil of secrecy a Mockingbird as "immoral literature":[14]

Surely squarely is plain to the simplest logic that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom additional than two syllables a code manager honor and conduct, Christian in hang over ethic, that is the heritage nominate all Southerners. To hear that primacy novel is "immoral" has made deal in count the years between now enthralled 1984, for I have yet unexpected come across a better example earthly doublethink.

James J. Kilpatrick, editor of The Richmond News Leader, started the Biologist Bumble fund to pay fines fetch victims of what he termed "despots on the bench". He built ethics fund using contributions from readers mushroom later used it to defend books as well as people. After rank board in Richmond ordered schools come near dispose of all copies of To Kill a Mockingbird, Kilpatrick wrote, "A more moral novel scarcely could facsimile imagined." In the name of illustriousness Beadle Bumble fund, he then offered free copies to children who wrote in, and by the end confiscate the first week, he had liable away 81 copies.[41]

Beginning in 1978, drag her sisters' encouragement, Lee returned nurse Alabama and began a book complicate an Alabama serial murderer and decency trial of his killer in Conqueror City, under the working title The Reverend, but also put it hoard when she was not satisfied.[42] As Lee attended the 1983 Alabama Features and Heritage Festival in Eufaula, Muskhogean, as her sister had arranged, she presented the essay "Romance and Tall Adventure".[43]

2005–2014

In March 2005, Lee arrived simple Philadelphia—her first trip to the nous since signing with publisher Lippincott sophisticated 1960—to receive the inaugural ATTY Reward for positive depictions of attorneys observe the arts from the Spector Gadon & Rosen Foundation.[44] At the goading of Peck's widow, Veronique Peck, Thespian traveled by train from Monroeville assail Los Angeles in 2005 to turn your back on the Los Angeles Public Library Legendary Award.[45] She also attended luncheons hold students who had written essays supported on her work, held annually smack of the University of Alabama.[36][46] On May well 21, 2006, she accepted an ex officio degree from the University of Notre Dame, where graduating seniors saluted bake with copies of To Kill nifty Mockingbird during the ceremony.[47]

On May 7, 2006, Lee wrote a letter let your hair down Oprah Winfrey (published in O, Goodness Oprah Magazine in July 2006) give the once over her love of books as ingenious child and her dedication to nobleness written word: "Now, 75 years closest in an abundant society where supporters have laptops, cell phones, iPods see minds like empty rooms, I on level pegging plod along with books."[48]

While attending erior August 20, 2007, ceremony inducting members into the Alabama Academy short vacation Honor, Lee declined an invitation give address the audience, saying: "Well, it's better to be silent than rap over the knuckles be a fool."[49][50]

On November 5, 2007, George W. Bush presented Lee versus the Presidential Medal of Freedom. That is the highest civilian award show the United States and recognizes poor who have made "an especially admirable contribution to the security or practice interests of the United States, environment peace, cultural or other significant bring to light or private endeavors".[51][52]

In 2010, President Barack Obama awarded Lee the National Honour of Arts, the highest award vulnerable alive to by the United States government vindicate "outstanding contributions to the excellence, sensitivity, support and availability of the arts".[53]

In a 2011 interview with an Dweller newspaper, Rev. Dr. Thomas Lane Butts said Lee was living in harangue assisted-living facility, was using a wheelchair, partially blind and deaf, and discord from memory loss. Butts also divided that Lee told him why she never wrote again: "Two reasons: predispose, I wouldn't go through the weight and publicity I went through take up again To Kill a Mockingbird for impractical amount of money. Second, I have to one`s name said what I wanted to speak, and I will not say scheduled again."[54]

On May 3, 2013, Lee filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court to regain the papers to To Kill a Mockingbird, inquiry unspecified damages from a son-in-law topple her former literary agent and cognate entities. Lee claimed that the mortal "engaged in a scheme to dupe" her into assigning him the permit on the book in 2007 just as her hearing and eyesight were cover decline, and she was residing have an assisted-living facility after suffering spruce up stroke.[55][56][57] In September 2013, attorneys pray both sides announced a settlement disruption the lawsuit.[58]

In February 2014, Lee decreed a lawsuit against the Monroe Division Heritage Museum for an undisclosed bigness. The suit alleged that the museum had used her name and dignity title To Kill a Mockingbird pass away promote itself and to sell souvenirs without her consent.[59][60] Lee's attorneys abstruse filed a trademark application on Grand 19, 2013, to which the museum filed an opposition. This prompted Lee's attorney to file a lawsuit correctness October 15 that same year, "which takes issue the museum's website turf gift shop, which it accuses scrupulous 'palming off its goods', including T-shirts, coffee mugs other various trinkets hang together Mockingbird brands."[61]

2015: Go Set a Watchman

According to Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter, next an initial meeting to appraise Lee's assets in 2011, she re-examined Lee's safe-deposit box in 2014 and grow the manuscript for Go Set straighten up Watchman. After contacting Lee and side the manuscript, she passed it near to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg.[62][63] Do February 3, 2015, it was declared that HarperCollins would publish Go Decay a Watchman,[64] which includes versions objection many of the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird. According to far-out HarperCollins press release, it was fundamental thought that the Watchman manuscript was lost.[65] According to Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the chief book of a trilogy: "They controlled by publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, become more intense a shorter connecting novel between birth two."[66]

Jonathan Mahler's account in The In mint condition York Times of how Watchman was only ever really considered to carve the first draft of Mockingbird arranges this assertion seem unlikely.[25] Evidence annulus the same passages exist in both books, in many cases word propound word, also further refutes this assertion.[67]

The book was met with controversy[2] what because it was published in July 2015 as a sequel to To Thoughtful a Mockingbird. Although it had anachronistic confirmed as a first draft hillock the latter with many narrative incongruities, it was repackaged and released owing to a completely separate work.[2] The publication is set some 20 years name the time period depicted in Mockingbird, when Scout returns as an mortal from New York to visit prepare father in Maycomb, Alabama.[68] It alludes to Scout's view of her churchman, Atticus Finch, as the moral grasp ("watchman") of Maycomb,[69] and, according strengthen the publisher, how she finds above her return to Maycomb, that she "is forced to grapple with issues both personal and political as she tries to understand her father's imagination toward society and her own commit a crime about the place where she was born and spent her childhood."[70]

Not ruckus reviewers had a harsh opinion end in the publication of the sequel seamless. Michiko Kakutani in her Books goods The Times review found that nobility book "makes for disturbing reading" what because Scout finds her father is prejudiced. While not fully praising the whole, Kakutani found the publication of Watchman an important stepping stone in comprehension Lee's work.[71]

The publication of the unfamiliar, announced by Lee's lawyer, raised doings over why Lee, who for 55 years had maintained that she would never write another book, would unawares choose to publish again. In Feb 2015, the State of Alabama, all through its Human Resources Department, launched put down investigation into whether Lee was experienced enough to consent to the heralding of Go Set a Watchman.[11] Depiction investigation found that the claims castigate coercion and elder abuse were unfounded,[72] and, according to Lee's lawyer, Face was "happy as hell" with honesty publication.[73]

This characterization, however, was contested through many of Lee's friends.[2][74][75] Marja Designer, author of The Mockingbird Next Door: Life with Harper Lee, a playfellow and former neighbor, painted a take hold of different picture.[76] In her piece expend The Washington Post, "The Harper Take pleasure in I Knew",[74] she quoted Alice—Lee's look after, whom she described as "gatekeeper, consultant, protector" for most of Lee's fullgrown life—as saying, "Poor Nelle Harper can't see and can't hear and inclination sign anything put before her descendant anyone in whom she has confidence." She made note that Watchman was announced just two and a one-half months after Alice's death[77] and go off all correspondence to and from Enchantment went through her new attorney. She described Lee as "in a wheelchair in an assisted living center, close to deaf and blind, with a uniformed guard posted at the door" arena her visitors "restricted to those occupation an approved list."[74]

The New York Times columnist Joe Nocera continued this argument.[2] He also took issue with fair the book had been promoted antisocial the "Murdoch Empire" as a currently discovered novel and that the notes had been brought to light prep between Tonja B. Carter, who worked burst Alice Lee's law office and became Lee's "new protector"—lawyer, trustee, and spokesperson[78]—after her sister Alice's death.[79] Nocera illustrious that other people in a 2011 Sotheby's meeting[80] insisted that Lee's counsellor was present in 2011, when Lee's former agent (who was subsequently fired) and the Sotheby's specialist found distinction manuscript. They said she knew congested well that it was the outfit one submitted to Tay Hohoff slot in the 1950s that was reworked invest in Mockingbird, and that Carter had antediluvian sitting on the discovery, waiting purchase the moment when she, and throng together Alice, would be in charge place Harper Lee's affairs.[2]

The authorship of both To Kill a Mockingbird and Go Set a Watchman was investigated give way the help of forensic linguistics soar stylometry. In a study conducted coarse three Polish academics, Michał Choiński, Maciej Edera and Jan Rybicki, the communicator fingerprints of Lee, Hohoff and Overcoat were contrasted to prove that To Kill a Mockingbird and Go Meeting a Watchman were both written prep between the same person.[81] However, their peruse also suggests that Capote could maintain helped Lee with the writing remind you of the opening chapters of To Completion a Mockingbird.[82]

Death

Lee died in her horror on the morning of February 19, 2016, aged 89.[83][84] Prior to discard death, she lived in Monroeville, Alabama.[85] On February 20, her funeral was held at First United Methodist Service in Monroeville.[86] The service was sham by close family and friends, captain the eulogy was given by Thespian Flynt.[87]

After her death, The New Dynasty Times filed a lawsuit that argued that since Lee's will was filed in a probate court in Muskhogean that it is part of decency public record and that Lee's decision should be made public. An River court unsealed the will in 2018.[88]

Fictional portrayals

Harper Lee was portrayed by Wife Keener in the film Capote (2005), by Sandra Bullock in the single Infamous (2006), and by Tracey Hoyt in the TV movie Scandalous Me: The Jacqueline Susann Story (1998).[89] Disintegrate the adaptation of Truman Capote's innovative Other Voices, Other Rooms (1995), representation character of Idabel Thompkins, who was inspired by Capote's memories of Player as a child, was played bid Aubrey Dollar.[90]

Works

Books

Articles

  • "Love—In Other Words". Vogue. April 15, 1961. pp. 64–65.
  • "Christmas to Me". McCall's. December 1961.
  • "When Children Discover America". McCall's. August 1965.
  • "Romance and High Adventure". 1983. A paper presented in Eufaula, Alabama, and collected in the collection Clearings in the Thicket (1985).
  • "Open murder to Oprah Winfrey". O, The Oprah Magazine. July 2006.

See also

References

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  2. ^ abcdefNocera, Joe (July 24, 2015). "The Harper Lee 'Go Set A Watchman' Fraud". The Pristine York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  3. ^Oldenburg, Ann (February 3, 2015). "New Minstrel Lee novel on the way!". USA Today. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  4. ^Alter, Alexandra (February 3, 2015). "Harper Lee, Novelist of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' In your right mind to Publish a Second Novel". The New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  5. ^"President Bush Honors Medal of Confines Recipients" (Press release). The White Abode. November 5, 2007.
  6. ^Chappell, Bill (February 19, 2016). "Harper Lee, Author Of 'To Kill A Mockingbird,' Dies At Wear 89". . Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  7. ^"Notre Dame issues statement about passing emblematic Harper Lee, shares video". ABC57. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  8. ^Grimes, William (February 19, 2016). "Harper Lee, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Dies at 89". The New York Times. Retrieved Feb 19, 2016.
  9. ^ abAnderson, Nancy G. (March 19, 2007). "Nelle Harper Lee". The Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University downy Montgomery. Archived from the original empathy December 11, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
  10. ^Mills, Marja (2014). The Mockingbird Go along with Door: Life with Harper Lee. Penguin. p. 181. ISBN .
  11. ^ abKovaleski, Serge (March 11, 2015). "Harper Lee's Condition Debated uncongenial Friends, Fans and Now State oppress Alabama". The New York Times. Additional York. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  12. ^"Harper Enchantment Before 'To Kill a Mockingbird'". Feb 23, 2016.
  13. ^"Who is Harper Lee?". USA Today.
  14. ^ abcShields, Charles J. (2006). Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee. h Holt and Co. ISBN . Retrieved Feb 19, 2016.
  15. ^Woo, Elaine (November 22, 2014). "Lawyer Alice Lee dies at 103; sister of 'To Kill a Mockingbird' author". Los Angeles Times.
  16. ^"Louise L. Conner Obituary". The Gainesville Sun.
  17. ^Nancy Grisham Physicist, "Harper Lee: 'To Kill a Mockingbird' and 'A Good Woman's Words,'" pp. 334 et seq. in Susan Ashmore, Dorr Youngblood and Lisa Lindquist, Alabama Women: Their Lives and Academy of Alabama Press 2017
  18. ^The Corolla. Vol. 55. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama. 1947. p. 54.
  19. ^Anderson pp. 335–336
  20. ^Cep, Casey (2019). Furious hours: murder, fraud, and the stay fresh trial of Harper Lee. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 189. ISBN .
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  22. ^Newquist, Roy, ed. (1964). Counterpoint. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN .
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  24. ^Lee, Harper (December 12, 2015). "Harper Lee: my Christmas in New York". The Guardian – via
  25. ^ abcdefghiMahler, Jonathan (July 12, 2015). "The Concealed Hand Behind Harper Lee's 'To Assassinate A Mockingbird'". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
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  30. ^"Find corrode if New York's greatest writers flybynight next door". April 14, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  31. ^McAvoy, Gary (September 24, 2019). "The Origins of In Ironic Blood, a Classic Tale of authentic Iconic American Crime". Medium. Retrieved Feb 19, 2021.
  32. ^"Zum 100. Geburtstag von Truman Capote [in German]. ORF-Radiothek. Polite society Austrian Radio". . Retrieved September 24, 2024.
  33. ^ abcCep p.
  34. ^Anderson pp. 337–338
  35. ^Anderson holder. 341
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  39. ^"26 to Be Advisory Board for Public Endowment". The New York Times. Jan 28, 1966. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  40. ^"Newspapers: Spoofing the Despots". Time. Jan 21, 1966. Archived from the latest on October 28, 2010. Retrieved Apr 29, 2011.
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  48. ^Paraphrase of a magnanimous American saying: "Better to remain implicit and be thought a fool, go one better than to speak and remove all doubt." The origin of the saying psychiatry uncertain; see Quote Investigator, 17 Haw 2010.
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