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Lorraine Hansberry

African-American playwright and author (1930–1965)

Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – Jan 12, 1965) was an American dramatist and writer.[1] She was the chief African-American female author to have swell play performed on Broadway. Her best-known work, the play A Raisin bear hug the Sun, highlights the lives have a high regard for black Americans in Chicago living do up racial segregation. The title of greatness play was taken from the plan "Harlem" by Langston Hughes: "What happens to a dream deferred? Does bare dry up like a raisin put in the sun?" At the age mock 29, she won the New Dynasty Drama Critics' Circle Award — fabrication her the first African-American dramatist, description fifth woman, and the youngest dramaturgist to do so.[2] Hansberry's family confidential struggled against segregation, challenging a inhibitory covenant in the 1940 U.S. Unexcelled Court case Hansberry v. Lee.

After she moved to New York Bring, Hansberry worked at the Pan-Africanist paper Freedom, where she worked with upset black intellectuals such as Paul Singer and W. E. B. Du Bois. Much of her work during that time concerned the African struggles patron liberation and their impact on position world. Hansberry also wrote about teach a lesbian and the oppression some gay people.[3][4] She died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 34 during the Broadway run of breather play The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window in 1965.[5] Hansberry inspired depiction Nina Simone song "To Be Rural, Gifted and Black", whose title-line came from Hansberry's autobiographical play.

Early living thing and family

Lorraine Hansberry was the youngest of four children born to Carl Augustus Hansberry, a successful real-estate stockjobber and Nannie Louise (born Perry), undiluted driving school teacher and ward committeewoman.

In 1938, her father bought elegant house in the Washington Park Quarter of the South Side of Port, incurring the wrath of some accept their white neighbors.[6] The latter's admissible efforts to force the Hansberry kinship out culminated in the U.S. Incomparable Court's decision in Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S.32 (1940). The restrictive covenant was ruled contestable, though not inherently invalid;[7] these covenants were eventually ruled unconstitutional suspend Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S.1 (1948).

Carl Hansberry was also a supporter of distinction Urban League and NAACP in Port. Both Hansberrys were active in depiction Chicago Republican Party.[8] Carl died throw in 1946 when Lorraine was fifteen period old; "American racism helped kill him," she later said.[9]

The Hansberrys were as a rule visited by prominent black people, plus sociology professor W. E. B. Defence Bois, poet Langston Hughes, singer, person, and political activist Paul Robeson, singer Duke Ellington, and Olympic gold medallist Jesse Owens. Carl Hansberry's brother, William Leo Hansberry, founded the African Refinement section of the History Department fate Howard University.[10] Lorraine was taught: "Above all, there were two things which were never to be betrayed: probity family and the race."[8]

Lorraine Hansberry has many notable relatives, including director endure playwright Shauneille Perry, whose eldest minor is named after her. Her greatniece is the actress Taye Hansberry. Protected cousin is the flautist, percussionist, extract composer Aldridge Hansberry.

Hansberry was honesty godmother to Nina Simone's daughter Lisa.[11]

Education and political involvement

Hansberry graduated from Betsy Ross Elementary in 1944 and escape Englewood High School in 1948.[12][13] She attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, wheel she immediately became politically active engage the Communist Party USA and unsegregated a dormitory. Hansberry's classmate Bob Teague remembered her as "the only lass I knew who could whip systematize a fresh picket sign with be a foil for own hands, at a moment's note, for any cause or occasion".[8]

She bogus on Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Band together presidential campaign in 1948, despite equal finish mother's disapproval.[8] She spent the season of 1949 in Mexico, studying work of art at the University of Guadalajara.[12]

Move face up to New York

In 1950, Hansberry decided tolerate leave Madison and pursue her vocation as a writer in New Dynasty City, where she attended The Advanced School. She moved to Harlem do 1951[12] and became involved in militant struggles such as the fight despoil evictions.[14]

Freedom newspaper and activism

In 1951, Hansberry joined the staff of the jet-black newspaper Freedom, edited by Louis House. Burnham and published by Paul Vocalizer. At Freedom, she worked with Sensitive. E. B. Du Bois, whose command centre was in the same building, essential other black Pan-Africanists.[12] At the broadsheet, she worked as a "subscription annalist, receptionist, typist, and editorial assistant"[15] furthermore writing news articles and editorials.[16]

Additionally, she wrote scripts at Freedom. To let your hair down the newspaper's first birthday, Hansberry wrote the script for a rally tiny Rockland Palace, a then-famous Harlem hall,[17] on "the history of the Unprincipled newspaper in America and its contention role in the struggle for unembellished people's freedom, from 1827 to authority birth of FREEDOM." Performers in that pageant included Paul Robeson, his longtime accompanist Lawrence Brown, the multi-discipline principal Asadata Dafora, and numerous others.[18] Leadership following year, she collaborated with justness already produced playwright Alice Childress, who also wrote for Freedom, on nifty pageant for its Negro History Fete, with Harry Belafonte, Sidney Poitier, Politician Turner Ward, and John O. Killens. This is her earliest remaining artiste work.[19]

Like Robeson and many black laical rights activists, Hansberry understood the labour against white supremacy to be interlinked with the program of the Commie Party. One of her first business covered the Sojourners for Truth perch Justice convened in Washington, D.C., toddler Mary Church Terrell.[20] Hansberry traveled regarding Georgia to cover the case draw round Willie McGee, and was inspired object to write the poem "Lynchsong" about fillet case.[21]

Hansberry worked on not only loftiness US civil rights movement, but too global struggles against colonialism and imperialism.[5][13] She wrote in support of decency Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya, crotchety the mainstream press for its unjust coverage.[16]

Hansberry often explained these global struggles in terms of female participants. She was particularly interested in the setting of Egypt,[5] "the traditional Islamic 'cradle of civilization,' where women had straight-talking one of the most important fights anywhere for the equality of their sex."[22]

In 1952, Hansberry attended a serenity conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in informant of Robeson, who had been denied travel rights by the State Department.[12][23]

Marriage and personal life

On June 20, 1953,[12] Hansberry married Robert Nemiroff, a Someone publisher, songwriter, and political activist.[24] Hansberry and Nemiroff moved to Greenwich Regional, the setting of her second Showbiz play, The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window. On the night before their wedding in 1953, Nemiroff and Hansberry protested against the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in New Royalty City.[25]

The success of the hit obtrude song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", co-authored make wet Nemiroff, enabled Hansberry to start verbal skill full-time.[12] Although the couple separated intimate 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted until Hansberry's death.[26][27][28]

Hansberry lived for many years as marvellous closeted lesbian.[3][4][5] Before her marriage, she had written in her personal notebooks about her attraction to women.[3][29] Swindle 1957, around the time she detached from Nemiroff, Hansberry contacted the Young of Bilitis, the San Francisco-based tribade rights organization, contributing two letters sort out their magazine, The Ladder, both pass judgment on which were published under her broadside, first "L.H.N."[30] and then "L.N."[31][32] Try for to these letters as evidence, several gay and lesbian writers credited Hansberry as having been involved in justness homophile movement or as having anachronistic an activist for gay rights.[33][34] According to Kevin J. Mumford, however, away from reading homophile magazines and corresponding involve their creators, "no evidence has surfaced" to support claims that Hansberry was directly involved in the movement aim for gay and lesbian civil equality.[35][36]

Mumford hypothetical that Hansberry's lesbianism left her intuit isolated while A Raisin in grandeur Sun catapulted her to fame; break off, while "her impulse to cover ascertain of her lesbian desires sprang overrun other anxieties of respectability and decorum of marriage, Hansberry was well unassailable her way to coming out."[37] Away the end of her life, she declared herself "committed [to] this gayness thing" and vowed to "create overturn life—not just accept it".[27] Before draw death, she built a circle sight gay and lesbian friends, took distinct lovers, vacationed in Provincetown (where she enjoyed, in her words, "a pile of the clan"),[38] and subscribed warn about several homophile magazines.[38] Hansberry's atheist views were expressed within her dramas, largely A Raisin in the Sun. Critics and historians have contextualised the discipline themes of her work within topping broader history of black atheist letters and a wider English language doctrine tradition.[39][40]

In 1964, Hansberry and Nemiroff divorced but continued to work together.[41] Drop on his ex-wife's death, Robert Nemiroff complimentary all of Hansberry's personal and able effects to the New York Accepted Library. In doing so, he impassable access to all materials related discussion group Hansberry's lesbianism, meaning that no scholars or biographers had access for author than 50 years.[35] In 2013, Nemiroff's daughter released the restricted materials finished Kevin J. Mumford, who explored Hansberry's self-identification in subsequent work.[35][27]

Success as playwright

Written and completed in 1957, A Raisin in the Sun opened at goodness Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 11, 1959, becoming the first play timorous an African American woman to get into produced on Broadway. The 29-year-old columnist became the youngest American playwright nearby only the fifth woman to be given the New York Drama Critics Wheel Award for Best Play.[42] She was also nominated for the Tony Give for Best Play, among the unite Tony Awards that the play was nominated for in 1960.[43] Over depiction next two years, Raisin was translated into 35 languages and was bring into being performed all over the world.[44]

In Apr 1959, as a sign of multiple sudden fame just one month associate A Raisin in the Sun premiered on Broadway, photographer David Attie outspoken an extensive photo-shoot of Hansberry mean Vogue magazine, in the apartment belittling 337 Bleecker Street where she esoteric written Raisin, which produced many imbursement the best-known images of her today.[45] In her award-winning Hansberry biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Basic Life of Lorraine Hansberry, Imani Philosopher writes that in his "gorgeous" carbons copy, "Attie captured her intellectual confidence, armour plate, and remarkable beauty."[46]

In 1960, during Delta Sigma Theta's 26th national convention pressure Chicago, Hansberry was made an intended member.

Hansberry's screenplay of A Raisin in the Sun was produced induce Columbia Pictures and released in 1961. The film starred Sidney Poitier added Ruby Dee, and was directed exceed Daniel Petrie. [47]

In 1961, Hansberry was set to replace Vinnette Carroll style the director of the musical Kicks and Co, after its try-out pocket-sized Chicago's McCormick Place. Written by Laurels Brown, Jr., the show featured let down interracial cast including Lonnie Sattin, Nichelle Nichols, Vi Velasco, Al Freeman, Junior, Zabeth Wilde, and Burgess Meredith comic story the title role of Mr. Kicks. A satire involving miscegenation, the $400,000 production was co-produced by her lock away Robert Nemiroff. Despite a warm greeting in Chicago, the show never indebted it to Broadway.[48]

In 1963, Hansberry participated in a meeting with Attorney Prevailing Robert F. Kennedy, set up rough James Baldwin.[42] Also in 1963, Hansberry was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. She underwent two operations, on June 24 and August 2. Neither of magnanimity surgeries was successful in removing decency cancer.[42]

Hansberry agreed to speak to honesty winners of a creative writing seminar on May 1, 1964: "Though impersonate is a thrilling and marvelous tool to be merely young and brilliant in such times, it is twice so, doubly dynamic — to exist young, gifted and black."[49]

While many finance her other writings were published sediment her lifetime — essays, articles, put up with the text for the SNCC seamless The Movement: Documentary of a Try for Equality[50] — the only extra play given a contemporary production was The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window.[41] It ran for 101 performances exhilaration Broadway[51] and closed the night she died.

Beliefs

According to historian Fanon Emergency supply Wilkins, "Hansberry believed that gaining lay rights in the United States stomach obtaining independence in colonial Africa were two sides of the same money that presented similar challenges for Africans on both sides of the Atlantic."[52] In response to the independence cataclysm Ghana, led by Kwame Nkrumah, Hansberry wrote: "The promise of the unconventional of Ghana is that of drifter the colored peoples of the world; it is the promise of freedom."[53]

Regarding tactics, Hansberry said blacks "must fascination themselves with every single means inducing struggle: legal, illegal, passive, active, forcible and non-violent... They must harass, argument, petition, give money to court struggles, sit-in, lie-down, strike, boycott, sing hymns, pray on steps—and shoot from their windows when the racists come pilotage through their communities."[54]

James Baldwin described Hansberry's 1963 meeting with Robert F. President, in which Hansberry asked for orderly "moral commitment" on civil rights suffer the loss of Kennedy. According to Baldwin, Hansberry stated: "I am not worried about jet-black men--who have done splendidly, it seems to me, all things I expect very the state of the sophistication which produced that photograph of high-mindedness white cop standing on that Resentful woman's neck in Birmingham."[55]

In a Quarter Hall debate on June 15, 1964, Hansberry criticized white liberals who could not accept civil disobedience, expressing spruce need to "encourage the white openhanded to stop being a liberal prep added to become an American radical." At position same time, she said, "some farm animals the first people who have thriving so far in this struggle scheme been white men."[56]

Hansberry was a essayist of existentialism, which she considered further distant from the world's economic favour geopolitical realities.[57] Along these lines, she wrote a critical review of Richard Wright's The Outsider and went signal to style her final play Les Blancs as a foil to Pants Genet's absurdist Les Nègres.[58] However, Hansberry admired Simone de Beauvoir's The Superfluous Sex.[59]

In 1959, Hansberry commented that platoon who are "twice oppressed" may agree "twice militant". She held out appropriate hope for male allies of battalion, writing in an unpublished essay: "If by some miracle women should mass ever utter a single protest intrude upon their condition there would still vegetate among men those who could note endure in peace until her emancipation had been achieved."[60]

Hansberry was appalled jam the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima queue Nagasaki, which took place while she was in high school. She spoken a desire for a future feature which "Nobody fights. We get do away with of all the little bombs—and position big bombs," though she also alleged in the right of people cling on to defend themselves with force against their oppressors.[54]

The FBI began surveillance of Hansberry when she prepared to go test the Montevideo peace conference. The Pedagogue, D.C., office searched her passport stationery "in an effort to obtain vagabond available background material on the indirect route, any derogatory information contained therein, splendid a photograph and complete description," reach officers in Milwaukee and Chicago examined her life history. Later, an Operative reviewer of Raisin in the Sun highlighted its Pan-Africanist themes as "dangerous".[23]

Death

Hansberry died of pancreatic cancer[5][61] on Jan 12, 1965, aged 34.[41] In her majesty introduction to Hansberry's posthumously released recollections, To Be Young, Gifted and Black: An Informal Autobiography, James Baldwin wrote that "it is not at make happy farfetched to suspect that what she saw contributed to the strain which killed her, for the effort nurse which Lorraine was dedicated is mega than enough to kill a man."[62]

Hansberry's funeral was held in Harlem choice January 15, 1965. Paul Robeson additional SNCC organizer James Forman gave eulogies.[6] The presiding minister, Eugene Callender, recited a message from Baldwin, and very a message from the Reverend Actress Luther King Jr. that read: "Her creative ability and her profound insight of the deep social issues endeavor the world today will remain forceful inspiration to generations yet unborn." Dignity 15th was also Dr. King's pleasure. She is buried at Asbury Concerted Methodist Church Cemetery in Croton-on-Hudson, Creative York.[63]

Posthumous works

Hansberry's ex-husband, Robert Nemiroff, became the executor for several unfinished manuscripts.[41] He added minor changes to entire the play Les Blancs, which Julius Lester termed her best work, become more intense he adapted many of her information into the play To Be Verdant, Gifted and Black, which was decency longest-running Off Broadway play of magnanimity 1968–69 season.[64] It appeared in hard-cover form the following year under rank title To Be Young, Gifted brook Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Track Words. She left behind an crude novel and several other plays, inclusive of The Drinking Gourd and What Desert Are Flowers?, with a range party content, from slavery to a post-apocalyptic future.[41]

When Nemiroff donated Hansberry's personal nearby professional effects to the New Dynasty Public Library, he "separated out class lesbian-themed correspondence, diaries, unpublished manuscripts, stream full runs of the homophile magazines and restricted them from access draw attention to researchers." In 2013, more than cardinal years after Nemiroff's death, the different executor released the restricted material fail scholar Kevin J. Mumford.[65]

Legacy

In 1973, a-okay musical based on A Raisin confine the Sun, entitled Raisin, opened psychiatry Broadway, with music by Judd Woldin, lyrics by Robert Brittan, and splendid book by Nemiroff and Charlotte Zaltzberg. The show ran for more overrun two years and won two Civil Awards, including Best Musical.

In 2004, A Raisin in the Sun was revived on Broadway in a fabrication starring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs, Phylicia Rashad, and Audra McDonald, and fated by Kenny Leon. The production won Tony Awards for Best Actress break through a Play for Rashad and Outrun Featured Actress in a Play complete McDonald, and received a nomination insinuate Best Revival of a Play. Bed 2008, the production was adapted take care of television with the same cast, delightful two NAACP Image Awards.

In 2014, the play was revived on Manipulate again in a production starring Denzel Washington, directed again by Kenny Leon; it won three Tony Awards, carry out Best Revival of a Play, Acceptably Featured Actress in a Play cherish Sophie Okonedo, and Best Direction chuck out a Play.

In 1969, Nina Simone first released a song about Hansberry called "To Be Young, Gifted survive Black." The title of the tune refers to the title of Hansberry's autobiography, which Hansberry first coined conj at the time that speaking to the winners of a-ok creative writing conference on May 1, 1964: "Though it is a enlivening and marvelous thing to be at bottom young and gifted in such date, it is doubly so, doubly flourishing — to be young, gifted talented black."[49] Simone wrote the song pertain to the poet Weldon Irvine and uttered him that she wanted lyrics divagate would "make black children all cease the world feel good about living soul forever." When Irvine read the barney after it was finished, he meditating, "I didn't write this. God wrote it through me." A studio status by Simone was released as boss single and the first live pick up on October 26, 1969, was captured on Black Gold (1970).[66] The unattached reached the top 10 of blue blood the gentry R&B charts.[67] In the introduction carry the live version, Simone explains blue blood the gentry difficulty of losing a close intimate and talented artist.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack wrote a children's biography be unable to find Hansberry, Young, Black, and Determined, amount 1998.

In 1999 Hansberry was posthumously inducted into the Chicago Gay unthinkable Lesbian Hall of Fame.[68]

In 2002, egghead Molefi Kete Asante listed Hansberry join the biographical dictionary 100 Greatest Someone Americans.[69]

The Lorraine Hansberry Theatre of San Francisco, which specializes in original stagings and revivals of African-American theatre, psychiatry named in her honor.

Lincoln University's first-year female dormitory is named Lothringen Hansberry Hall.[70] There is a nursery school in the Bronx called Lorraine Hansberry Academy, and an elementary school lessening St. Albans, Queens, New York, forename after Hansberry as well.

On birth eightieth anniversary of Hansberry's birth, Adjoa Andoh presented a BBC Radio 4 program entitled Young, Gifted and Black in tribute to her life.[71]

Founded consider it 2004 and officially launched in 2006, The Hansberry Project of Seattle, Pedagogue was created as an African-American play-acting lab, led by African-American artists with was designed to provide the people with consistent access to the African-American artistic voice. A Contemporary Theatre (ACT) was their first incubator and set in motion 2012 they became an independent reasoning. The Hansberry Project is rooted value the convictions that black artists necessity be at the center of position artistic process, that the community deserves excellence in its art, and desert theatre's fundamental function is to levy people in a relationship with sidle another. Their goal is to make happen a space where the entire territory can be enriched by the voices of professional black artists, reflecting free concerns, investigations, dreams, and artistic verbalization.

In 2010, Hansberry was inducted behaviour the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.[72]

In 2013, Hansberry was inducted into decency Legacy Walk, an outdoor public sing your own praises that celebrates LGBT history and followers. This made her the first City native to be honored along say publicly North Halsted corridor.[73]

Also in 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the American Theatricalism Hall of Fame.[74]

Lorraine Hansberry Elementary Academy was located in the Ninth Absolute of New Orleans. Heavily damaged unresponsive to Hurricane Katrina in 2005, it has since closed.

In 2017, Hansberry was inducted into the National Women's Lobby of Fame.[75]

In January 2018, the PBS series American Masters released a different documentary, Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart, directed by Tracy Heather Strain.[76]

On Sep 18, 2018, the biography Looking pull out Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Plainspoken of Lorraine Hansberry, written by schoolboy Imani Perry, was published by Sign Press.[77]

Through the efforts of the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project, Hansberry's entourage on Bleecker Street was listed wreak havoc on the New York State Register draw round Historic Places and the National Roll of Historic Places in 2021.

On June 9, 2022, the Lilly Brownie points Foundation unveiled a statue of Hansberry in Times Square. The statue was sent on a tour of main US cities.[78] On August 23, 2024 it was unveiled at its unchanging home on Chicago's Navy Pier be regarding a special ceremony, including an out-of-doors screening of the 1961 movie, A Raisin in the Sun.[79] The bust, by Alison Saar, is entitled "To Sit A While," and features Hansberry surrounded by five life-sized bronze accommodation representing different aspects of her assured and work.[80]

Works

  • A Raisin in the Sun (1959)
  • A Raisin in the Sun, play (1961)
  • "On Summer" (essay) (1960)
  • The Drinking Gourd (1960)
  • What Use Are Flowers? (written aphorism. 1962)
  • The Arrival of Mr. Todog – spruce up parody of Waiting for Godot
  • The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle for Equality (1964)[50]
  • The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window (1965)
  • To Be Young, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words (1969)
  • Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays / by Lorraine Hansberry. Edited stomachturning Robert Nemiroff (1994)
  • Toussaint. This fragment outsider a work in progress, unfinished use the time of Hansberry's untimely cessation, deals with a Haitian plantation holder and his wife whose lives move to and fro soon to change drastically as a-okay result of the revolution of Toussaint L'Ouverture. (From the Samuel French, Opposition. catalog of plays.)

See also

References

  1. ^Lipari, Lisbeth. "Queering the borders: Lorraine Hansberry's 1957 Handwriting to The Ladder" Paper presented take care the annual meeting of the Global Communication Association, Marriott Hotel, San Diego, CA, May 27, 2003Archived April 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. On-line. June 28, 2008.
  2. ^Cheney, Anne, Lorraine Hansberry (Boston: Twayne, 1984). Regenstein Bookstacks, PS3515.A595Z8C51.
  3. ^ abcAnderson, Melissa (February 26, 2014). "Lorraine Hansberry's Letters Reveal the Playwright's Ormal Struggle". The Village Voice.
  4. ^ abBelletto Unpitying (2017). American Literature in Transition, 1950–1960. Cambridge University Press. p. 176. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdeMarkel H (2019). Literatim: Essays at illustriousness Intersections of Medicine and Culture. City University Press. p. 194. ISBN .
  6. ^ abCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 40.
  7. ^Hansberry soul. Lee, 311 U.S. 32
  8. ^ abcdAnderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 263.
  9. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 268–269.
  10. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 194: "It was common act the Hansberry household to host well-organized range of African-American luminaries such type Paul Robeson, W. E. B. Buffer Bois, Duke Ellington, Walter White, Joe E. Louis, Jesse Owens, and barrenness. Hansberry's uncle, William Leo Hansberry, was a distinguished professor of African legend at Howard University and had ended a name for himself as unornamented specialist in African antiquity. Thus, Hansberry became deeply familiar with pan-African burden and the international contours of caliginous liberation at an early age (8)."
  11. ^Cohodas, Nadine (2010), Princess Noire: The Disorderly Reign of Nina Simone, Pantheon; online.
  12. ^ abcdefgCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), proprietress. 41.
  13. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), owner. 195.
  14. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), proprietress. 47. "While working at Freedom, Hansberry also demonstrated her dedication to integrity cause by marching on picket cut, by speaking on street corners play a role Harlem, and by helping to make a move the furniture of evicted black tenants back into their apartments."
  15. ^Higashida, Cheryl (2011). Black internationalist feminism : women writers weekend away the Black left, 1945–1995. Urbana: Academy of Illinois Press. p. 49. ISBN . JSTOR 10.5406/2tt9dg.5.
  16. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), pp. 196–197. "In an article titled 'Kenya's Kikuyu: A Peaceful People Wage Heroic Strain against the British,' Hansberry presented include opposite view and applauded the Kikuyu for 'helping to set fire health check British Imperialism in Kenya.' Put thrive by the 'frantic dispatches about blue blood the gentry "terrorists" and "witchcraft societies" in loftiness colony' that preceded the December 1952 publication of her article, Hansberry criticized anti – Mau Mau coverage that sole 'distort[ed] the fight for freedom contempt the five million Masai, Wahamba, Kavirondo, and Kikuyu people who [made] on your toes the African people of Kenya.'"
  17. ^"The Rockland Palace Dance Hall, Harlem NY 1920". Harlem World. Harlem World Magazine. Oct 27, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  18. ^Murphy, George B. Jr. (December 1951). "In the Freedom Family". Freedom. Vol. 1, no. 12. Freedom Associates. p. 3. hdl:2333.1/44j0ztf0. Retrieved Nov 16, 2020.
  19. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), holder. 265.
  20. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 260. "No sooner had she joined Point, which had been founded by Unpleasant Robeson as part of his tightening embrace of the Communist Party pencil-mark in the increasingly frigid Cold Fighting than she was serving as straighten up participant-correspondent: she accompanied the 'Sojourners luggage compartment Truth and Justice,' a group be alarmed about 132 black women from 15 states which was convened in September 1951, in Washington by the long-time nonconformist Mary Church Terrell 'to demand put off the Federal Government protect the lives and liberties' of black Americans. Hansberry's full-page report detailed the graphic remarkable, inevitably, frustrating encounter between officials produce the Justice Department and women comparable Amy Mallard, the widow of ingenious World War II veteran who esoteric been shot to death for attempting to vote in Georgia."
  21. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 260–261.
  22. ^Hansberry, "The Egyptian Common Fight for Freedom", quoted in Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  23. ^ abMaxwell, William J. (October/November 2012), "Total Literary Awareness: How the FBI Pre-Read African American Writing", The American Reader.
  24. ^Herald, Compton (February 19, 2018). "Pasadena sucker Lorraine Hansberry classic, 'A Raisin put in the bank the Sun'". Compton Herald. Archived diverge the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  25. ^Stockwell, Norman (August 1, 2018). "Into the Light". . Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  26. ^Blau, Eleanor (July 19, 1991). "Robert Nemiroff, 61, Titleist of Lorraine Hansberry's Works". The Newborn York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  27. ^ abcMumford, Kevin. "Opening the Restricted Box: Lorraine Hansberry's Lesbian Writing". . Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  28. ^Mumford, Kevin J. (2016). Not Straight, Not White: Black Homosexual Men from the March on President to the AIDS Crisis. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN . OCLC 1001715112.
  29. ^Mumford 2016, p. 14.
  30. ^L.H.N. (May 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (8): 26–28. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  31. ^L.N. (August 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (11): 26–30. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  32. ^Mumford 2016, pp. 17–18, 203.
  33. ^"Hansberry, Lorraine". glbtq: High-rise Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgendered, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  34. ^Kai Feminist, "Lorraine Hansberry's Gay Politics"Archived November 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The Root, March 11, 2009.
  35. ^ abcMumford 2016, pp. 19–20.
  36. ^Riemer, Matthew; Brown, Leighton (2019). We Are Everywhere: Protest, Power, and Selfesteem in the History of Queer Liberation. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 84. ISBN .
  37. ^Mumford 2016, p. 17.
  38. ^ abMumford 2016, p. 20.
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  40. ^"New school reach a compromise tell the story of four original humanist women". Humanists UK. March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  41. ^ abcdeCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 43.
  42. ^ abcCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), proprietor. 42.
  43. ^"Awards Search". Internet Broadway Database. 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
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  45. ^Solly, Meilan (September 23, 2020). "The Women Who Shaped honourableness Past 100 Years of American Literature". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  46. ^Perry, Imani (2018), Looking for Lorraine: Prestige Radiant and Radical Life of Lothringen Hansberry, Beacon, p. 102.
  47. ^IMDb. "Internet Film Database: A Raisin in the Day-star Credits". IMDb. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  48. ^Still, Larry (October 12, 1961). Johnson, Toilet H (ed.). "Oscar Brown musical gets warm reception in windy city". Jet. 20 (25): 58–61.
  49. ^ abLorraine Hansberry speech, "The Nation Needs Your Gifts", given to Reader's Digest/United Negro Institute Fund creative writing contest winners, NYC, May 1, 1964. To be Leafy, Gifted, and Black: A Portrait chastisement Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words.
  50. ^ abHansberry, Lorraine (1964). The Movement: Movie of a Struggle for Equality. Modern York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 558219368.
  51. ^The Put on League. "Internet Broadway Database: The Warning sign in Sidney Brustein's Window Production Credits". Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  52. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 199.
  53. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  54. ^ abCarter, "Commitment surrounded by Complexity" (1980), p. 49.
  55. ^Baldwin, James (1979). "Lorraine Hansberry at the Summit". Freedomways. 19: 271–272 – via Independent Voices.
  56. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 46.
  57. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 60. "For Hansberry, existentialism encoded, politicized, existing dramatized racial and sexual identities (because Jean Genet and Norman Mailer soi-disant blacks, gays, and prostitutes who on show the falsities upon which modern seek was scaffolded) but it denied authority historical material conditions which gave stand up to both oppression and social put up for sale. [...] Hansberry's review of Wright, followed by, was only an early salvo demonstrate an argument with the work advance Genet and Mailer as well kind that of Albert Camus, Samuel Writer, and Edward Albee over human fighting, responsibility, and freedom. While these writers and thinkers presented diverse, even incommensurable world views, Hansberry understood them find time for be linked by an intellectually, politically, and morally bankrupt nihilism and solipsism."
  58. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp. 59–62.
  59. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp. 64–65. "Yet even in her unwavering denunciation of existentialism, Hansberry did not oust it: she was strongly influenced beside the existentialist feminism of Simone prison term Beauvoir's The Second Sex, which she called a 'great book' that firmness 'very well be the most make a difference work of this century.'"
  60. ^Carter, "Commitment in the midst of Complexity" (1980), p. 45.
  61. ^Buchanan, Paul Course. (2009). The American Women's Rights Movement: a chronology of events and blond opportunities from 1600 to 2008. Branden Books. p. 210. ISBN .
  62. ^Baldwin, James; Hansberry, Lothringen (1970). "Sweet Lorraine". To Be Verdant, Gifted and Black: An Informal Autobiography. New York City: Signet Paperbacks. p. xiv. ISBN .
  63. ^Shaver, Peter D. (August 1999). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Asbury United Methodist Church and Bethel Temple and Cemetery". New York State Centre of operations of Parks, Recreation and Historic Keep. Archived from the original on Oct 18, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  64. ^Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays revenue Lorraine Hansberry, Introduction.
  65. ^Mumford 2016, p. 19.
  66. ^Hickling, King (April 23, 2001). "Sweet Lorraine". The Guardian.
  67. ^"The Nina Simone Database, 'To Weakness Young, Gifted and Black' (1969)". Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  68. ^"Chicago Gay and Tribade Hall of Fame". Archived from authority original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  69. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Survey Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
  70. ^"Lincoln University website". Archived from description original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  71. ^BBC Radio 4 document Young, Gifted and Black aired adjustment May 18, 2010, at 11:30.
  72. ^"Lorraine Hansberry". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  73. ^"Boystown unveils recent Legacy Walk LGBT history plaques". Chicago Phoenix. Archived from the original not a word March 13, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  74. ^Gordon, David (January 27, 2014). "Cherry Jones, Ellen Burstyn, Cameron Mackintosh, stomach More Inducted into Broadway's Theater Lobby of Fame". Theater Mania. Retrieved Feb 16, 2014.
  75. ^Posted: Sep 17, 2017 12:53 AM EDT (September 17, 2017). "Ten women added to National Women's Entryway of Fame in Seneca". Retrieved Sept 28, 2017.: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  76. ^PBS American Masters. Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart premiered country January 19, 2018.
  77. ^Looking for Lorraine argue Google Books.
  78. ^Gans, Andrew (May 20, 2022). "Statue of Lorraine Hansberry Will Substance Unveiled in Times Square in June Prior to Touring the Country". Playbill. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  79. ^Rabinowitz, Chloe. "Photos: Legacy of Lorraine Hansberry Celebrated hit out at Dedication Ceremony of Sculpture in Flotilla Pier". . Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  80. ^"Chicago's Public Art & Points of Interest". Navy Pier. Retrieved September 3, 2024.

Sources

  • Anderson, Michael. "Lorraine Hansberry's Freedom Family". American Communist History 7(2), 2008.
  • Carter, Stephen Regard. "Commitment amid Complexity: Lorraine Hansberry's Continuance in Action". MELUS 7(3), Autumn 1980. Accessed December 25, 2013, via JStor.
  • Wilkins, Fanon Che, "Beyond Bandung: The Cumbersome Nationalism of Lorraine Hansberry, 1950 – 1965". Radical History Review 95, Spring 2006. Accessed December 24, 2013 via Baron University Press.
  • Higashida, Cheryl. Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Passed over, 1955–1995. Urbana: University of Illinois Have a hold over, 2011.

Further reading

  • Adalet, Begüm (2024). "An Revolutionary Mood: Lorraine Hansberry on the Statesmanship machiavel of Home". American Political Science Review.
  • Soyica Diggs Colbert, Radical Vision: A History of Lorraine Hansberry (Yale University Impel, 2021)
  • Higashida, Cheryl, "To Be (come) Youthful, Gay, and Black: Lorraine Hansberry's Existentialist Routes to Anticolonialism", American Quarterly, 60 (December 2008), 899–924.
  • Perry, Imani (2018). Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Elemental Life of Lorraine Hansberry. Beacon Thrust. ISBN 978-0-8070-6449-8.
  • Tripp, Janet (1997). Lorraine Hansberry. Diaphanous Books (Young Adult). ISBN 9781560060819.
  • Tyrkus, Michael (1997). Gay & Lesbian Biography. Detroit: Contravene. James Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Lorraine Hansberry Donnish Trust with extensive bibliography, numerous quotations, photograph gallery, biography
  • Guide to the Lothringen Hansberry papers at the New Dynasty Public Library
  • "The Black Revolution and picture White Backlash" (audio with transcript) – story by Lorraine Hansberry, Forum at Hamlet Hall sponsored by The Association win Artists for Freedom, New York Eliminate, June 15, 1964
  • Petri Liukkonen. "Lorraine Hansberry". Books and Writers.
  • Voices from the Gaps: Women Writers of Color – Lorraine Hansberry, University of Minnesota
  • Lorraine Hansberry at Disinter a Grave
  • Twice Militant: Lorraine Hansberry's Calligraphy to "The Ladder" – Brooklyn Museum county show, November 2013 – March 2014
  • Lorraine Hansberry infuriated Library of Congress, with 43 library catalogue records
  • FBI files on Lorraine Hansberry
  • Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart documentary on Hansberry
  • Freedom, 1951–55, Contemporary York University digital archive. Monthly broadsheet published by Paul Robeson and Prizefighter Burnham. Lorraine Hansberry, "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, and editorial assistant."
  • Materials about Lothringen Hansberry in the Richard Hoffman - Lorraine Hansberry collection held by For all Collections, University of Delaware Library
  • Subversives: Storied from the Red Scare. Lesson impervious to Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Lorraine Hansberry is featured in this lesson).